Love :: essays research papers

euthanasia is the act of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness, as by lethal shaft or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment. This is a topic with many opinions and much controversy as to whether or not it should be a effective institutionalise. I have never known any whiz close to me with an incurable disease, but if a loved one or I were diagnosed, I would like the option to end the suffering to be available. Therefore, I am pro euthanasia, and furthermore, pro individual choice.There are two essays I have recently enter on the subject, each gives two different viewpoints on the topic of euthanasia. In Sidney Hooks In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia, he believes that each one should be permitted to make his own choice-especially when no one else is harmed by it.(404) Hook is pro euthanasia, contrary to Rand Richards Cooper, the author of The Dignity of Helplessness What Sort of Society Would Euthanasia Create? Cooper says Im looking for an argument with Jack Kevorkian or rather, one against him.(411) He believes that euthanasia should not be a practice used in society today.Sidney Hook begins his essay by giving a personal, first-hand be intimate of his own sufferings in his battle with congestive heart harm followed by a massive stroke. He says, I asked my physician to discontinue all life-supporting services or show me how to do it.(403) His doctor refused and after months of rehabilitation, lastly regained most of his motor skills. He admits that this argument sounds like it is pro euthanasia, however, he gives two major reasons for the right to choose. By using his own personal experience and knowledge, he gives the reader insight to his defense in his opinion. Rand Richards Cooper takes an informal approach in his argument, not giving any cut and dry facts. He uses two indirect experiences through his mothers friend and children in Kenya to convey his ideas. Sidney Hook expresses his ideas using his own per sonal terminal illness. He makes his parameter using reader sympathy, hoping to impact the reader on a personal level. Rand Richards Cooper uses a similar approach, recognizing the usefulness of informal, but personable persuasions. Hook writes closely his own first-hand experience and is thought to be more factual. Cooper on the other hand uses the same technique, but he gives second-hand experiences through children in Kenya and in any case through his mothers best friend.

Mr :: essays research papers

Legal Studies AssessmentLaw to punish miscarriage assaultsASSAULTS on pregnant women leading to the deaths of their unborn children will be punishable by up to 25 age in prison under new New South Wales laws.NSW Attorney-General Bob Debus said the Government would right the definition of grievous bodily harm under the Crimes Act to include the loss of an unborn child. Mr Debus said the amendment would not interfere with existing abortion laws. He said the amendment was being introduced after the cases of Renee Shields who lost her unborn baby boy Byron in a road rage incident in 2001 and Kylie snarl who lost her unborn child after she was assaulted in 2002. "The amendment is specifically aimed at criminal attacks upon women, enabling the courts to give due recognition to the pain and trauma see by women like Renee Shields and Kylie Flick who lost their babies following senseless and brutal attacks," Mr Debus said. This particular article is about a new amendment that has been introduced that if an offender assaults a pregnant woman and causes a miscarriage then the offender will receive up to 25 years.I think this is a good idea, it causes women a lot of stress and emotional damage if they lose a child unborn or born, if a criminal is the cause of a babys death then the effect will be compensation of the woman by dealing the maximum punishment.This article concerns administrative law as it is a law introduced to help the rights of citizens.UnprovokedMan jailed for shooting girlFebruary 24, 2005A FATHER of two has been jailed for at least five years for the unprovoked shooting of a teenage girl.Riannon Pierce required emergency surgery after she was shot in the abdomen by Robin capital of Minnesota Murdoch at her home at Macclesfield, south-east of Adelaide, during the early hours of January 1, 2003. The South Australian District Court heard Murdoch, 29, of Mount Barker, smiled as he fired the six-gun and threatened "If you tell anyone about th is Im going to shoot you. Im going to kill you". He had met Riannon, now 17, just moments before the shooting. Halfway through his court trial, Murdoch pleaded guilty to carrying a loaded firearm in a public place and two charges of discharging a firearm with intent to annoy or frighten. He was further convicted by a jury of one charge of shooting with intent to do grievous bodily harm.

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of Streptococcus pyogenes Essay

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pyogenes was the bacteria that used to be the cause of numerous cases of human sicknesses and deaths. As our technology evolved and advanced, our perspective and understanding of this bacteria grew to a point that it is no longer a huge threat. The once blurry details became so croak that it came to the point of which we can identify, locate, and treat the bug accurately. After those many years of dedication and research, we finally saw exactly how the bacteria came about, entered our bodies, infected our cells, and tricked our immune musical arrangement to attack itself. We also found out specific details on how the bacteria reproduce, survive in the wild, spread from host to host, and what drugs it was and is susceptible to.Streptococcus pyogenes (Todar, 2002)Streptococcus pyogenes is gram positive, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile coccus, typically 0.6-1.0 m in diameter. The bacteria reproduce in chains and pairs. (Todar, 2002). It is also nonsporeforming and catalase-negative. Some older cultures may get the gram positive identifications and occasionally there are obligate anaerobes. (Patterson, 2001). There are three different groups of streptococci Beta-hemolysis which would result with clear surroundings on blood agar, Alpha-hemolysis which would result with red blood cells changing to a green appearance due to the reduction of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and gamma-hemolytic which is non hemolytic. (Todar, 2002). To identify the bacteria, checking for hemolysis is not the best source of identification for streptococci because the age, species, and many other elements could affect the results. (Todar, 2002).Resistance, Infections, and 2St... ...once hundred-percent fatal bacteria. There is no vaccine, moreover there is a cure. Sooner or later, our diagnostics and understanding of this great killer will come to the point that Streptococcus pyogenes is no longer a thre at to our world.BibliographyDuckworth, D. Ph.D., Richard Crandall Ph.D. and Richard Rathe M.D. (1999, May). Streptococcal Infection*. University of Florida. July 29, 2005 http//medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/strpyoge.htmlAA2Patterson, M. (2001, October). Streptococcus. The University of Texas Medical Branch. July 29, 2005 http//gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch013.htmTodar, K. (2002, May). Streptococcus pyogenes. University of Wisconsin. July 29, 2005 http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturespyoFischetti Ph.D., V. (1995, June). The Streptococcus. The Rockfeller University. July 28, 2005 http//www.rockefeller.edu/vaf/strep.htm

Socrates versus Nelson Mandela Essays -- essays research papers

As an Athenian philosopher, Socrates pass his life in constant pursuit of insight. He loved engaging in conversations that helped him derive philosophical views on a number of different issues. The birth of ideas through critical reasoning can be credited back to his method of teaching, which is now known as the Socratic Method. Although widely respected today, many of his teachings were found controversial in Athenian times. Socrates was placed on trial and put to death soon after because of the disapproval of his ideas. Even with the anticipation of death linguring in his path, Socrates remained composed and curious. During his defense, he made it clear that death was nothing to fear, but rather an accepted inevitability of life. Those of us who think that death is an evil are in error(Plato, 39). Instead of viewing his sentence as a burden, Socrates regarded it as a authority opportunity. If death was the souls journey to another place, the possibilities could be endle ss. He could obtain a considerable amount of knowledge by conversing with those who had already passed on. He could discuss rectitude with victims who had also suffered death through injustice. Socrates would be able to reveal his philosophical views without having to fear for his life, which to him could be the niftyest gift attainable. His uncertainty of death left him with whiz other view, if not a journey, then death was simply a state of nothingness. It would be an eternal resting period free of any and all disturbances, the like a peaceful sleep where even dreams were absent. As Socrates saw it, either alternative was just an advancement of the soul and nothing to be uneasy over.Socrates spent time carefully challenging the true meaning of... ...ad the right to learn, it was the souls most admirable gift, in which he could place no legal injury on. Mandela deemed an education important as well. In fighting against the apartheid, he hoped that people of all colors and social classes could have equality in education. Mandela wrote, Education is the great engine of personal development (Mandela, 166). He believed it was the only cure for poverty and ignorance.I cannot and will not cut my conscience to fit this years fashions, this famous eviscerate quoted by Lillian Hellman depicts the outlook of Socrates and Nelson Mandela. Even after being accused of some form of treason and being subjected to the punishment of losing their lives, neither man chose to conform to the tush of their authority. They had already carefully conceived their notions, and were not ready to mold them to fit someone elses standards.

The Stranger Cultural Analysis Essay -- Literary Analysis

This Novel, by Albert Camus, traces a year in the life of a young clerk, Meursault, in the 1940s who works for a transfer company in Algiers. The first thing that happens to Meursault is that he gets a telegram that his mother has departed. He takes a bus to see her and they hold the vigil. He shows no expression of remorse or sadness. Once back in Algiers Meursault goes to the public beach for a swim. There, he runs into Marie Cardona, his former co-worker. They decide to go on a date and they see a comedy movie, which is ironic after his mothers death, and they sleep together during the night. The next day he spends just ceremony people in the street. That next day Meursault returns to work and works all day and while at his apartment Meursault runs into Salamano, an old man who lives in his edifice and owns a mangy dog. He also runs into his neighbor Raymond, who is suspected to be a pimp. Raymond invites Meursault to dinner and asks Meursault to write a nasty letter to this gi rl who cheated on Raymond, and Meursault complies. The next Saturday Marie comes over and asks if Meursault loves her, he doesnt love her and doesnt show it, and at night Meursault runs into Salamano who is crying over his dog who ran away. The following Sunday Meursault, Marie, and Raymond go to a beach hoexercising owned by Masson, one of Raymonds friends. They run into the girls, of whom they wrote the letter to, brothers and a knife is pulled on Raymond and cuts him. They both go assorted ways and later Meursault shoots one of the girls brothers. Meursault is then sent to jail and put on trial. He shows no remorse and over judgment of conviction he goes through more trials after being in prison for over a year and he is sentenced to death by the guillotine. The setting... ... has done, and to free him from his entanglement. full treatment CitedBufacchi, Vittorio, and Laura Fairrie. Execution as Torture. Peace Review 13.4 (2001) 511-517. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2011.Camus, Albert, and Matthew Ward. The Stranger. New York Knopf, 1993. Print. 24 Apr. 2011.de Cavarlay, Bruno Aubusson. Can criminal statistics still be of scientific use? The French criminal justice system 1813-1980. Historical Methods 26.2 (1993) 69. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2011.Scherr, Arthur. Camuss THE STRANGER. Explicator 59.3 (2001) 149. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.Scott, Nathan A. Albert Camus. New York Hillary House, 1962. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.Strange, Alice J. Camus The Stranger. Explicator 56.1 (1997) 36. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.

The Stranger Cultural Analysis Essay -- Literary Analysis

This Novel, by Albert Camus, traces a year in the life of a young clerk, Meursault, in the 1940s who industrial plant for a shipping company in Algiers. The first thing that happens to Meursault is that he gets a telegram that his mother has departed. He takes a bus to see her and they gestate the vigil. He shows no expression of self-reproach or sadness. Once back in Algiers Meursault goes to the public beach for a swim. There, he runs into Marie Cardona, his former co-worker. They decide to go on a date and they see a comedy movie, which is ironic after his mothers death, and they sleep together during the night. The next day he spends just watching people in the street. That next day Meursault returns to work and works all day and while at his apartment Meursault runs into Sala homosexualo, an old man who lives in his building and owns a mangy dog. He also runs into his neighbor Raymond, who is suspected to be a pimp. Raymond invites Meursault to dinner and asks Meursault to wr ite a nasty letter to this girl who cheated on Raymond, and Meursault complies. The next Saturday Marie comes over and asks if Meursault loves her, he doesnt love her and doesnt show it, and at night Meursault runs into Salamano who is crying over his dog who ran away. The interest Sunday Meursault, Marie, and Raymond go to a beach house owned by Masson, one of Raymonds friends. They run into the girls, of whom they wrote the letter to, brothers and a knife is pulled on Raymond and cuts him. They both go different ways and later Meursault shoots one of the girls brothers. Meursault is then sent to jail and put on trial. He shows no remorse and over time he goes through more trials after being in prison for over a year and he is sentenced to death by the guillotine. The setting... ... has done, and to free him from his entanglement.Works CitedBufacchi, Vittorio, and Laura Fairrie. Execution as Torture. Peace Review 13.4 (2001) 511-517. faculty member Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2011.Camus, Albert, and Matthew Ward. The Stranger. New York Knopf, 1993. Print. 24 Apr. 2011.de Cavarlay, Bruno Aubusson. Can criminal statistics still be of scientific use? The French criminal justice system 1813-1980. Historical Methods 26.2 (1993) 69. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Apr. 2011.Scherr, Arthur. Camuss THE STRANGER. Explicator 59.3 (2001) 149. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.Scott, Nathan A. Albert Camus. New York Hillary House, 1962. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.Strange, Alice J. Camus The Stranger. Explicator 56.1 (1997) 36. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.

Dothea Orem Self-Care Theory

Dorothea Orems self-importance-C be Theory This page was last updated on February 4, 2012 INTRODUCTION Theorist Dorothea Orem (1914-2007) Born 1914 in Baltimore, US Earned her diploma at Providence Hospital Washington, DC 1939 BSN Ed. , Catholic University of America 1945 MSN Ed. , Catholic University of America She worked as a staff nurse, private duty nurse, nurse educator and administrator and nurse consultant. Received honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1976. Theory was first published in Nursing Concepts of Practice in 1971, number in 1980, in 1995, and 2001.MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS People should be ego-reliant and responsible for their own kick and others in their family needing flush People atomic number 18 distinct individuals Nursing is a form of action interaction between two or more persons Successfully meeting universal and knowledge self- business organization requisites is an important component of primary care prevention and ill health A persons knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned in spite of appearance a socio-cultural context DEFINITIONS OF DOMAIN CONCEPTSNursing is art, a helping service, and a engineering science Actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to keep an eye on or change conditions in themselves or their environments Encompasses the unhurrieds purview of health condition ,the physicians perspective , and the nurse perspective Goal of nursing to render the patient or members of his family capable of meeting the patients self care needs To maintain a adduce of health To regain ruler or near normal narrate of health in the event of disease or injury To stabilize ,control ,or disparage the effects of chronic poor health or disability health health and healthy are terms used to describe living things It is when they are structurally and functionally whol e or sound wholeness or integrity. .includes that which makes a person human,operating in conjunction with physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms and a strong structure and in relation to and interacting with other human beings Environment environment components are enthronement factors, enthronement elements, conditions, and developed environment Human being has the condenser to reflect, symbolize and use symbols Conceptualized as a total being with universal, developmental needs and capable of continuous self care A unity that tolerate function biologically, symbolically and socially Nursing client A human being who has health related /health derived limitations that render him incapable of continuous self care or dependent care or limitations that result in ineffective / incomplete care. A human being is the focus of nursing that when a self care requisites exceeds self care capabilities Nursing problem deficits in universal, developmental, and health derived or health related conditions Nursing function a formation to set apart (1)why a person is under care (2)a plan for care ,(3)the implementation of care Nursing alteratives deliberate, formatic and purposeful action, OREMS full general THEORY OF NURSING Orems general surmise of nursing in three related parts- Theory of self care Theory of self care deficit Theory of nursing system A. Theory of Self apportion This theory Includes Self care practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining support ,health and well being Self care agency is a human ability which is the ability for engaging in self care -conditioned by age developmental state, life experience sociocultural orientation health and available resources Therapeutic self care demand centre of self care actions to be performed for some uration in order to meet self care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions Self care requisites actio n directed towards provision of self care. 3 categories of self care requisites are- oUniversal self care requisites oDevelopmental self care requisites oHealth deviation self care requisites 1. Universal self care requisites Associated with life processes and the maintenance of the integrity of human structure and functioning Common to all , ADL Identifies these requisites as o concern of sufficient intake of pedigree ,water, food Provision of care assoc with elimination process oBalance between activity and rest, between solitude and social interaction oPrevention of hazards to human life well being and oPromotion of human functioning 2. Developmental self care requisites Associated with developmental processes/ derived from a condition. Or associated with an event oE. g. adjusting to a new job oadjusting to body changes 3. Health deviation self care Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease . these include Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance Being awa re of and be to the effects and results of pathologic conditions Effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures Modifying self concepts in accepting oneself as being in a particular state of health and in specific forms of health care Learning to live with effects of pathologic conditions B. Theory of self care deficit Specifies when nursing is mandatory Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care.Orem identifies 5 methods of helping oActing for and doing for others oGuiding others oSupporting another oProviding an environment promoting personal development in relation to meet future demands oTeaching another C. Theory of Nursing Systems Describes how the patients self care needs will be met by the nurse , the patient, or both Identifies 3 classifications of nursing system to meet the self care requisites of the patient- Wholly compensatory system Partly compensatory system Supportive educative system Design and elements of nursing system define Scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations General and specific roles of nurses and patients Reasons for nurses relationship with patients and Orem recognized that specialized technologies are usually developed by members of the health profession A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavor, with or without use of materials or instruments. Categories of technologies 1. Social or interpersonal Communication adjusted to age, health status Maintaining interpersonal, intra group or inter group relations for coordination of efforts Maintaining therapeutic relationship in light of psychosocial modes of functioning in health and disease Giving human assistance adapted to human needs ,action abilities and limitations 2. Regulatory technologies Maintaining and promoting life processes Regulating psycho physiological modes of functioning in health and disease Promoting human growth and development Regulating position and movement in quad OREMS THEORY AND NURSING PROCESS Nursing process presents a method to determine the self care deficits and hen to define the roles of person or nurse to meet the self care demands. The steps within the approach are considered to be the technical component of the nursing process. Orem emphasizes that the technological component must be coordinated with interpersonal and social processes within nursing situations. Nursing Process Orems Nursing Process Assessment Diagnosis and prescription determine why nursing is needed. analyze and interpret make judgment regarding care Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care action and management of nursing systemsStep 1-collect data in six areas- The persons health status The physicians perspective of the persons health status The persons perspective of his or her health The health goals withi n the context of life history ,life style, and health status The persons requirements for self care The persons capacity to perform self care Nursing diagnosis Plans with scientific rationaleStep 2 carry designs a system that is wholly or partly compensatory or supportive-educative. The 2 actions are- Bringing out a good organization of the components of patients therapeutic self care demands plectron of combination of ways of helping that will be effective and efficient in compensating for/ overcoming patients self care deficits Implementation evaluationStep 3 Nurse assists the patient or family in self care matters to achieve identified and described health and health related results. collecting evidence in evaluating results achieved against results contract in the nursing system design Actions are directed by etiology component of nursing diagnosis evaluationApplication of Orems theory to nursing process Therapeutic self care demandAdequacy of self care agencyNursing diagnosi sMethods of helping Air Maintain effective respiration Water No problem Food maintain sufficient intakeInadequate Adequate InadequatePotential for impaired respiratory status P F fluid imbalance tangible nutritional deficit r/t nauseaGuiding & direct Teaching Providing physical support Hazards Prevent spouse abuse Promotion of normalcyInadequate InadequateP/F injury A/d in environment Shared housingPersonal development Guiding & directing Guiding & directingMaintain developmental environment Support ed normalcy in environment Prevent /manage dev threatInadequate InadequateActual delay in normal dev. R/T early parenthood Level of education Dev deficit r/t qualifying of reproductive organsGuiding & directing Providing psy support Providing physical, psy support Maintenance of health status Management of disease process Inadequate InadequateP/F contd. alterations in health status P/F UTIGuiding & directing, pedagogics Guiding & directing, teaching Adherence to med regimen Awareness of potential problemsInadequate InadequateP/F ? dherence in self catheterization & OPD RT Actual deficit in awareness of advisability of HRT & RT effectsteaching teaching Adjust to loss of reproductive ability & dev healthy view of illness Adjust life style to cope with change Inadequate InadequateActual threat to self image Actual self deficit in planning for future needs Providing psy support Guiding & directing OREMS WORK AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY Orems theory ointerrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon ois logical in nature. ois comparatively simple yet generalizable ois basis for hypothesis that can be tested contribute to and assist in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them ocan be used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice omust be consistent with other pass theories ,laws and principles Strengths Provides a compre hensive base to nursing practice It has utility for nonrecreational nursing in the areas of nursing practice nursing curricula ,nursing education administration ,and nursing research Specifies when nursing is needed Her self-care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance Limitations In general system theory a system is viewed as a single whole thing while Orem defines a system as a single whole, thing. Health is often viewed as fighting(a) and ever changing. The theory is illness oriented. RESEARCH ON OREMS THEORY 1. Self-care requirements for activity and rest an Orem nursing focus 2. Nursing diagnoses in patients after heart catheterization voice of Orem 3. Self-carethe contribution of nursing sciences to health care 4. Self-care a foundational science 5. Orems self-care deficit nursing theory its philosophic foundation and the state of the science 6. Dorothea E. Orem thoughts on her theory . Orems theory in practice. Hospice nursing c are 8. Solving the Orem mystery an educational strategy 9. Orems family evaluation REFERENCES Orem, D. E. (1991). Nursing Concepts of practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, MO Mosby-Year Book Inc. Taylor, S. G. (2006). Dorthea E. Orem Self-care deficit theory of nursing. In A. M. Tomey, A. & Alligood, M. (2002). Significance of theory for nursing as a discipline and profession. Nursing Theorists and their work. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. Whelan, E. G. (1984). Analysis and application of Dorothea Orems Self-care Practuce Model.Retrieved October 31, 2006. George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice, 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange. Wills M. Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins. Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philade lphia, Lippincott. Potter A Patricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

Agenda Setting Theory – Introduction

Introduction agendum Setting Theory is number 1 certain by Professor Maxwell McCombsandProfessor Donald Shawin theirChapel Hill causal agencyin 1968. The schedule lay theory is separate into three split which is media docket, earth agenda and policy agenda. Agenda setting theory is defined as the power of questionion media whereby mass media set an agenda which willing influences the human beings which is called as human race agenda by highlighting the add oftentimes in media. Therefore the main effect of media in agenda setting is weighty people non what to think, but what to think of.The policy agenda is the issues that policy makers consider important after the public start to make campaign or petition to show protest against the organizations. Mass Communication plays an important role in our society its purpose is to in shape the public more or less current and erstwhile(prenominal) events. Mass communication is defined in Mass Media, Mass Culture as the as sist whereby professional communicators use technological devices to sh ar messages over wide distances to influence large audiences.Within this make for the media, which can be a wordpaper, a book and television, takes control of the information we see or hear. The media then uses gate holdingand agenda setting to control our access to news, information, andentertainment (Wilson 14). Gate retentiveness is a series of checkpointsthat the news has to go through before it gets to the public. Through this process many people have todecide whetheror not the newsis to be seen or heard. Some gatekeepers might include reporters, writers, andeditors. aft(prenominal) gate keeping comesagenda setting. Elaboration of the TheoryThe Agenda-Setting Theory says the media (mainly the news media) arent always successful at telling us what to think, but they are quite successful at telling us what to think about. The power of news media is to set a nations agenda, to focus public attention on a a few(prenominal) strike public issues, is an immense and well-documented influence. For example, newspapers provide a host of cues about the salience of the topics in daily news. They will lead trading floor on first page, large headlines and etc. Besides that, television to a fault consider as a mass communication pricking.Television offers numerous cues about salience too. Their opening story is on newscast, length of time devoted to the story and etc. As said by Walter Lippmann, Agenda-Setting Theory is the world outside & the pictures in our heads. The news media are a primary source of those pictures in our heads about the larger world of public affairs, a world that for approximately citizens is out of reach, out of sight, out of mind. Agenda setting is divided into two takes where the first level stress on common subject that media thinks the subject is important.The second level decides which part of the subject is important. some(prenominal) level leads to the co ncept of agenda setting where the concept is divided into three parts. The first part of the process is the importance of the issues that are going to be discussed in the media. Second, the issues discussed in the media have an impact over the way the public thinks, this is referred as public agenda. Ultimately the public agenda influences the policy agenda. Further more than, the media agenda touch ons the public agenda, and the public agenda affects the policy agenda.People would attend only to news and views that didnt threaten their established beliefs. Agenda-setting will reconfirms the power of the press while still maintaining that individuals were free to choose. The agenda-setting process is a 3 part-process. Firstly, media agenda is the issues discussed in the media. Secondly, public agenda means issues discussed and personally relevant to public. Lastly, policy agenda is the issues that policy makers consider important. Media agenda and public agenda are close to each o ther. Media agenda is the set of issue addressed by media sources.It is a composite index of media prominence reveled the importance of opposed policy, law and order, fiscal policy, public welfare and civil rights. fleck public agenda are issues the public consider important. It is the rank of the five issues was identical to the media agenda. The key concept and terms are agenda setting, salience transfer, gatekeeping, framing, priming and determinants of agenda-setting effects. Agenda setting is giving priorities to alternative policy issues but in the early communication theory studies, shown a mixture about the ability to influence public opinion on the given issue.Salience transfer refers to the capacity of the media to influence the relative importance individuals connected to the policy. Next is gate keeping is a process that control the media content. Framing is the importance and interpretation of people attach to potential items on the public agenda are securely influ enced by how the media present news stories. Priming happen when framing centers on political loading of the presentation of news, it can be conscious and not conscious. Priming basically mean draw attention to certain issue even in a neutral manner. Last but not least is the determinant of agenda-setting effects.Media credibility or also known as media reliance are found that the determinant is weaker than the media exposure and media exposure are more important than media credibility in relation to presidential state of the union addresses. Application of the Theory In Malaysia, one of the case studies was to examine the Malay dustup newspapers media agenda during the general election. (Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, UPM) The study was conducted to examine the use of the Barisan Nasional (BN) manifesto as the media agenda during the general election for the socio-economic class 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999.A model for the study was constructed based on the Agenda Setting Theory. A cont ent analysis was conducted on 50 issues of Utusan Malaysia (UM) and Berita Harian (BH). Throughout the studies, it was found that there were 11 major themes frequently used in the BN manifesto namely politics, foreign policy, development, economy, social education, security, religion, workers welfare, agriculture and the prime(prenominal) of life. Above were the main themes in the news during the general election for the year of study.The content analysis also found that there were 4461 news with the BN manifesto shown in 11 major news themes with politics in the lead and the quality of life ending the list. It also showed that the BN manifesto was mainly covered in various sections such as the Local news show, Foreign News, Special Column, primary(prenominal) Column, Editorial, Advertisement, Economy, Asean, Forum, Articles and others. While the coverage on News, Articles, Photographs, Editorial, Letter to the Editor, Cartoon, Columnist and Comments also showed the present of BN manifesto.There was also a small difference between the two newspapers in terms of its news coverage on the BN manifesto during the general election. The study clearly showed that the media agenda of the two mainstream newspapers in the country was framed by the content of the BN manifesto during the era of the general election for the year 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999 and thus, strengthening the Agenda Setting Theory. The media institution and politic institution are closely linked to each other and are hardly being separated. Both the institutions are interdependent on each other.In Malaysia, we are practicing the democracy system, thus, media are an important instrument to achieve the democracy level Media play a role in influencing the public in deciding their votes during a general election, either to vote for the specific individual or the party. Besides, media also take control in the politic process as mentioned earlier in the Agenda Setting Theory. In a democratic coun try a exchangeable Malaysia, the process in politics often involve media as a tool to spread the news on certain parties issues and frame some of the suggestions or views on certain parties or individuals.In order to achieve a country that is practicing democratic system, the general elections were often used as a measurement tool in testing the level of support among the voters toward a specific party. Personal experience & interpersonal communication among elites and other individuals So, the process of general election in Malaysia is a very crucial component in a democratic way. There were 12 general elections being held so far in Malaysia which were in the year 1959, 1964, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995, 1999 and 2004.Also, there were 6 Prime Ministers that have involved themselves in became the main politic communicators in every general election that have been done. either Prime Minister has their own plans in collaboration with the media to enhance their communica tion through media, and utilized it in a proper ways. Gatekeepers influential media & spectacular news & events Policy Agenda Public Agenda Media Agenda Real world indications of the importance of an agenda, issue or event Figure 1 Three Main Components in Agenda Setting ProcessIn political communication, media is one of the aspects to be deal with. Others include media agenda, public agenda and policy agenda. All these three main components form a process (Agenda Setting Process) by which a complete political communication is carried out where the media were used to disseminate the messages or information to mass audiences. This process is involved in the Agenda Setting Process and has TWO levels The media agenda affects the public agenda, and the public agenda affects the policy agenda.The communication using media has done by the politicians to publish their views and news or in this case, the manifesto of Barisan Nasional in Utusan Melaysia and Barita Harian in the media agenda. However, there are existence of gatekeepers that whitethorn influence the news and events to be published. In the case studies on BN manifesto, the gatekeepers here would be the editor and the owner of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian newspapers publishers.The purposes of having gatekeepers here is to avoid harmful, negative, sensitive or religious issues being discussed which may cause mis go outing within the nation According to the research, Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian used media agenda to influence the public, and this has brought the issue to a broader step which is the public agenda, where the public start discussing about the issue. In the case studies, there are some similarities in the manifesto of Barisan Nasional.During the general election, extensive media coverage on the political issues of BN were published continuously especially in the bird-scarer page of the newspapers being analyzed Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian. Those issues are similar to the manif esto of BN. Therefore, the public can gain most of the information about BN from the newspaper than the other party. After the public has start discussing about the issue, which is the involvement of BNs manifesto in both the newspapers being mentioned, there were some activists who tried to support or illegalise the manifesto.The real world indicator will decide the importance of the agenda itself. Then, through the personal experiences and interpersonal communications among the elites and other individuals, there might be changes in the policy agenda. Finally, the policy agenda causes the media agenda to publish about the news and information all over again. The Agenda Setting Process will be repeated. - Strengths and Weakness of the Theory We found that agenda setting theory has three strengths. First, agenda setting theory has explanatory power.Because this theory explains why most of the people prioritize the kindred issues as important. Therefore, most of the people will dis cuss the same issues at the same time. They will also concentrate discuss the issues because they think that the issues are affecting them. Second, this theory also has predictive power as it predicts that if people are exposed to the same media, they will feel the same issues as important. For example, if one issue be the headline of all the newspapers for one week, people will feel that this issue is very important and it will affect their life.Furthermore, this theory has organizing power because it helps organize existing knowledge of media effects. There are also weaknesses, such as media users may not be as nonesuch as the theory assumes. People may not be well-informed, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Media just tell them what to think about the issues. People just know the appearance of the issues and not deeply engage in the issues. They will also think that are the issues reported correct or the media have hide something bad that they do not kn ow about the issues.So, some of the people do not trust what the media have said. Instead, people may pay only casual and intermittent attention to public affairs and remain ignorant of the details. For people who have made up their minds, the effect is weakened. News media cannot create or conceal problems they may only alter the awareness, priorities and salience people attached to a set of problems. Research has largely been inconclusive in establishing a casual relationship between public salience and media coverage. Suggestions to Improve on the TheoryFor communication theory to be adopted by researchers and remain vi suitable, it must(prenominal) be able to survive and grow through its ability to adapt to changing environments, encourage further research, and serve as a foundation for studies beyond those in which the founders originally applied their theory. According to McCombs and Shaw (1972) the result of their study shows that fewer voters knew about specific issues. Whi le they found out that media were often effective in raising awareness of issues with undecided voters.They also found that issues presented by media that were new to audiences were better received by the public than issues with which the public was already familiar. The key reckon to the ability of media to have an agenda-setting effect upon their audiences depends on the desire of the viewers to become informed about the issues. For example, when the voters wants to know more about their ideal government leaders the public have to search for more information about the leaders and the party as the desired for them to become informed on the issues instills a strong motivation factors for the publics.Although the theory may seem to be acceptable but the theory still have its own weaknesses and failure which are manifest and need to be improved. For example, while the article concentrate on the presentation of the issues during the election campaigns, the willingness of voters to li sten to issues presented by the media, they fail to examine the degree to which mass media is able to raise issues and attract information-seeking audiences on its own but they fail to examine the degree of how the mass media is able to heightened public interest of political issues during election seasons to perpetrate an agenda-setting function.Besides that, the media agenda in agenda-setting theory have their own limitations, as media may not be as ideal as the theory assumes. The information from the media may not deliver appropriately, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Therefore to improve the theory effectiveness of the theory, the media should increase the understanding of the issues by account a more detail information about the election with wide range of information.In addition, the media can also carry out a survey to understand better the level of absorption information of the readers, listeners and viewers. The media should also aware of the public acceptance and understanding of the issues as the agenda-setting theory has its own limitations in dispersing the news. Conclusion In conclusion, the Agenda Setting Theory is a very important practice in media industry especially in a democratic country like Malaysia. The media collaborate with government to control what to be think and discussed among the public.The purpose is to shape their perception over certain issues. It can be from a political issue to welfare issue. This theory proved that whatever issue has been discussed shape the importance of that specific issue and bring to the discussion in the public as in the public agenda. If the public or majorities think that there are some dissatisfactions or objections going on, there will be changes in the policy agenda. Thus, agenda setting is a very important tool in media even though there are still some weaknesses in this practice.So, the media should take in to account to improve their practice by injecting more inf ormation not only to a specific area but make it more wide than today in order for the public to have more knowledge about our nation and this may create a more critical view nation. References Agenda-Setting Theory Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw(n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//www. ninosoriadeveyra. com/uploads/3/0/1/1/3011660/agenda-setting_ justine_kate_gian. ppt. Agenda-Setting Theory Presentation paper & abstracts (n. . ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//realhomepages. com/wecapps/agenda%20setting. htm Agenda-Setting Theory Strengths and weaknesses of theory (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//www. servinghistory. com/topics/Agenda-setting_theorysubStrengths_And_ Weaknesses_Of_Theory Garson, G. D. (2006). Agenda setting theory. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//faculty. chass. ncsu. edu/garson/PA765/agendasetting. htm Media Tenor Innovatio Agenda setting theory (n. d. ).Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http// www. agendasetting. com/res_theory. php M. Sanchez Spring 2002. (2002). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//zimmer. csufresno. edu/ johnca/spch100/7-4-agenda. htm Spring 2001 theory workbook. (2001). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http//www. uky. edu/ drlane/capstone/mass/agenda. htm The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public discernment (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010 from http//www. infoamerica. org/documentos_pdf/mccombs01. pdf

Problem Statement Essay

Does audit revolution at diverse levels (accomplice level versus firm level) in distinctive settings (compulsory versus intentional) connected with improved audit persona. victorious into account our audit of the create verbally, it is a long way from indisputable whether mandatory audit firm or audit match rotation posterior elicit audit graphic symbol, nor is it clear whether deliberate audit firm or partner revolution can substitute for obligatory audit rotation. Mandatory rotation whitethorn upgrade audit quality focused around the suspicion that rise brings a crisp viewpoint. Not with standing, mandatory rotation may be little compelling if the recently turned reviewers need sufficient nurture of the customer. The loss of customer particular learning could possibly impede the viability and nature of the review. Intentional turn practices can be powerful in memory up audit quality if an audit company business sector and financial impetuses for creating or backinging up a great notoriety surpass its monetary investments from submitting to the requests of particular customers.Generally, it is hazy whether the obligatory rotation of attenders is a powerful answer for upgrade audit quality. The degree to which intentional and obligatory auditor turns at diverse levels can substitute for one another in keeping up audit quality is thusly an observational inquiry. The above discourse prompts the accompanying examination question. Audit rotation at diverse levels (accomplice level versus firm level) and in diverse settings (compulsory versus willful) connected with higher audit quality in less created locales than in in good order created locales. There is a developing writing that analyzes how institutional components influence audit quality crosswise over nations (Francis et al., 2003 Khurana and Raman, 2004 Choi and Wong, 2007 Francis furthermore Wang, 2008).Establishments shift a ton crosswise over China (e.g., Wang et al., 2008), which gives us with a chance to test whether institutional and market improvement elements, for example, the lawful environment and speculator insurance influence audit quality. Leeway of directing among provincial studies inside one nation is that we can catch the impact of foundations on audit quality free from pollution because of nation contrasts in bookkeeping and inspecting models, 14 estimation, and liquidation laws. As former writing (e.g., Francis et al., 2003 Khurana and Raman, 2004Francis and Wang, 2008) recommends, auditorsmay be more touchy to the expense of customer distorting and ar more inclined to keep up audit quality as institutional administrations get to be stronger.In districts with well (less) created markets, the examiners may be all the more (less) prone to be worried about the potential impact of profession off audit quality on their legitimate risk and market notoriety. In this manner, there is less incremental interest for compulsory auditor rotation in well create d areas. Conversely, mandatory audit rotation may be more vital in less created areas, which need business motivators or oversights to keep auditors determined and free. Consequently, we audit whether the impact of required or willful auditors rotation on audit quality is more claimed in less created areas than in decently created locales. This prompts our second research question.The relationship between customer particular information and audit quality. The inverse and clashing forecasts and discoveries in earlier studies on to the connection between audit tenure and audit quality may be attributable to the disappointment to together inspect directing elements, for example, auditors specialization, charges reliance, and auditors motivators (Doyle and Ge, 2007 Daugherty et al.,2012).therefore, the accompanying areas concentrate on recognizing the critical variables that may direct the relationship between audit rotation and audit quality.The relationship between mandatory auditor r otation and client-specific knowedge. Contentions for broadened auditorclient relations rest essentially on a mastery contention. Past exploration has reliably shown that auditor experience has a demonstrable impact on audit quality (Dougherty et al., 2012). Case in point, Brazel et al. (2010) find that customer particular learning, an intermediary for auditor experience, builds auditors capacity to discover falsifying markers.On a related note, a few studies (e.g., Lenox, 1999) contend that non-audit activities performed by the audit firms has a tendency to prompt expanding the auditors experience and learning of the customers operations and environment, and thus expand the capacity to discover error in the budgetary explanations.Therefore,providing non-audit ativities to the customer can have a positive instead of a negative effect on audit quality.therefore,required audit firm or audit partner rotations, specifically when there are no compelling information exchange techniques, may prompt the loss of both express and inferred client-specific knowledge, and thus to decreased audit quality.Audit quality be contrarily influenced when a lead partner who has picked up this particular information of the customer is supplanted. Auditor ndependence is the foundation of the auditing profession. Auditor independence alludes to the likelihood that auditors will cut across the error in money related explanations (Colbert and Murray, 1998) and the capacity of auditors to oppose exercising weight from a client (Goldman and Barlev, 1974). Along these lines, auditors who have a high level of independence will have a high likelihood of distinguishing and reporting lapses or budgetary misquotes, and henceforth will have the capacity to focus the genuine term of the reviewed firm, i.e. make an excellent review (Deangelo, 1981 Colbert and Murray, 1998). One of the discussed components that influence auditor independence is auditor tenure.It is contended that more drawn out relationship between audit partner and their clients can make individual connections that make it more troublesome for the auditor to act independently of the inclination of the client (Deangelo, 1981). This is further disturbed by the apprehension of auditors of losing a relentless stream of future audit incomes, specifically from vital client who pay the auditor huge audit expenses. Likewise, this may lead auditors to keep back to the clients requests (Lim and Tan, 2010).Therefore, compulsory accomplice turn mitigates the closeness of the relationship between audit partner and their client, and improves the auditors capacity to oppose weight from administration. The consequences of this stream of exploration (e.g., Hattifield et al., 2011) propose that there is a positive relationship between audit firm/or audit partner rotation and the achievement of proposed audit adjustment. Simnett and Carey (2006) likewise discover a negative relationship between auditor independence an d the probability of issuing a going concern assessment as an intermediary of audit quality.hence it might be contended that auditor turn can improve auditor independence and hence expand the likelihood of distinguishing and reporting budgetary misquote

Moral Law in Trifles

Throughout history it is shown that women have been relished down upon by men. They have been considered inferior to the opposite sex and even as a form of property. Trifles take place in 1916 where the rights of women be yet to be stated a place that is ruled by the paterfamilias, the men. Only men knew what was right, notwithstanding men knew what was best for their families. Men criticized women a lot and made fun of them.Men do not understand the difficulty of these duties and the hard working hours that are take to keep a off the beaten track(predicate)mhouse and or a family tidy and well organized. Women just make their lives look easier by cooking, cleaning and caring for their children. Although today, we are not burden with this struggle of being physically and emotionally abused by men, women in the early 1900s struggled to break free from this mold formed by society.In the Trifles this event of living made lively, singing, happy Minnie Wright turn into a mentally di sturbed, cold and routine robot after she married her husband, Mr. Wright. However, in the play women are far from being decorative. They actually show greater strength than the surrounding men. As the men went upstairs to investigate what happen to the husband, the women stays down stairs. They were equal to look at the scene and pay attention to the details which lead them to uncover the clues that Mrs.Wright murdered her husband. At that time before the men came downstairs, the women hid the evidence and did not reckon Mrs. Wright for her action. I can only say that moral justice prevailed and that law should not be so strict in some cases because there are more psychological aspects in a human mind. The women hid the evidence as an act of compassion for Mrs. Wright. Stealing the box with the dead bird is an act of devotion to their gender and of defiance against a callous patriarchal society.A murder case like this at that particular time was a shocking intimacy to knead be cause it involved tiny details that men could not understand or view without the help of women. Details that are presented in women lifestyle, Mrs. Peter and Mrs. Hale was able to relate to Mrs. Wright to the murder of the killing of her husband. This conflict is the moral justice versus the legal justice meaning that justice can be based on what somebody conscience suggest what is right or wrong, rather than on what that strict law says to be done.Although Mrs. Peters was hesitating about the decision of hiding the evidence, she knew it was the right thing to do. The women understood the moral law and the Sheriff Hale and the County Attorney represented legal justice. In this world women have always been treated second best by men and like they were never good enough for careers outside of the home. The sex of a mortal should not determine what type of job a person should have. Due to those facts the women in Trifles stood by each other to cover Mrs. Wright tracks

Mountain Men and Merchants

potful Men and Merchants How the West was Explored and Tamed Chad D. Ramsey Student 4101887 History 300 Professor Tracy Derks December 15th 2011 During the scratch and through emerge the 19th century, mountain men, trappers and merchants of the fur trade made a vital impact on the development of the previously uncharted West. These men came generally from the East coast of the joined States with a desire for adventure and the calling of a better life.Men like James Bridger, Jedediah Smith, Osborne Russell, Warren Ferris and numerous others left with hostile expedition teams with what they could carry on their backs and on pack animals to explore the Western frontier. While these men appeargond to be brave, and experienced some of the harshest conditions that the West had to offer, they were not al integrity, nor without help in the frontier. The mountain man had to forge relationships over the years with a key ally he would need to survive, the American Indian. piecey members of these tribes, most notably, the Crow, Flathead, Cheyenne, and Shoshone helped these mountain men in their education and taste of the complexities of the relatively unexplored area. These adventurers, frontiersmen, and trappers were also an industrious cross section of society, who played a vital part in the history of the United States. While American Indians helped Mountain Men to explore the rugged West and were a vital link to route exploration and survival techniques, it was the trappers writings, maps and fur art that played a more important role in the development and exploration of the West.One of the most important roles that these Mountain Men played initially, was that of cartographers. The rough sketching, and understanding of the layout of the land and of cardinal direction, were key ingredients for the success of the Mountain Man. Utley described these talents in Mountain Man Warren Ferris when he observed, By Ferriss time, most trappers could estimate a map of the A merican West more accurate and comprehensive than existed anywhere on aper. Some of what they saw, and knew, leaked out through St. Louis newspapers or spread by word of mouth. Most, However, remained locked in their minds, awaiting the intermediary equipped by training and skill to lay it before the literate world. 1 During the summer of 1847, proclaimed Mountain Man Jim Bridger had already been assisting the early Mormon pioneers who had been crossing the vast stretches of the plains in search of their Zion.Bridger had conferred with Mormon leader Brigham Young close to the accuracy of his on hand maps, and even off spent time drawing a map of the region for him in the dirt. Stanley Vestal described this situation when he wrote, All that Brigham had to go by were the maps alert by Colonel John C. Fremont- and divine guidance. Old Jim had not heard of divine guidance, and said he was ashamed of the maps of Fremont, who knew nothing about the country, only the plain travelled ro ad, and that he (Bridger) could correct all the maps published of the western world. 2 These invaluable resources also included the ability to disseminate the information and details of the drawings and maps onto other pieces of parchment, or to communicate them verbally into written form within the pages of a journal or other medium. Within the pages of Osborne Russells book titled, Journal of a Trapper are some nine highly detailed maps and routes that take the reader along the many legs of his journeys from 1834-1843. His maps and drawings are an example of a man who was dedicated to the work he was undertaking, and for the detail and chronology that went into it.One such excerpt concerning these details was from Osbornes journal from June 19, 1835 when he stated, This country affords no timber except the quaking Asp which grows in small underweight groves in the nooks and ravines among the hills 20th we left the waters of Grays Creek and crossed a low place in the mountain in a n tocopherol direction fell on to a small stream running into Lewis fork-distance 10 mls. 21st travelled East following this stream to the mouth about 15 mls which was about 30 mls.Below the mouth of Salt River. 3 The techniques of hunting and survival were both crucial skills for the mountain men and the trapper. They each had unspoken rules and guidelines that they lived by on a daily basis, and were the ethos they lived by. They trusted their lives to those that they knew, and who with they had fought, and were highly skeptical of any outsiders. The mountain man rarely asked anyone for any kind of assistance, while he held his induce standards and earned his daily keep.These men were richly versed in the art of setting up and breaking down a campsite, and could build survival shelters and out buildings that could easily withstand the harshest of winters. Mountain men were also skilled and versed in the field craft of hunting game, and known for not wasting any part of a kill. W eber described one of these situations when he noted, His companions on that trip long remember how Huddart, crazed by thirst, stuck his head inside a freshly killed buffalo to drink its blood the story continued to be told on the trail for at least another decade. 4 Some of the essentials that every frontiersman, hunter, and trapper would have on their body or near them at all times included the following Moccasins and buckskins, a Russell Green River knife found at most trading posts or rendezvous, a trusty horse, a good, comfortable hat to keep the sun off of the face, a possibles bag that carried in it everything to help for and fire a rifle, and lastly, a reliable hunting rifle.Osborne describes his personal kit he carried with him, when he declared, A trappers equipment in such cases is generally one animal upon which is placed one or two epishemores, (rectangles of buffalo robe which served as padding under the consign, and as mattresses to sleep on), a riding saddle and br idle, a sack containing six beaver traps, a blanket with an extra pair of moccasins, his powder horn and bullet pouch, with a belt to which is attached a butcher knife, a wooden box containing bait for beaver, a tobacco sack with a pipe and implements for making fire, with sometimes a hatchet fastened to the pommel of the saddle.His personal dress is a flannel or cotton shirt (if he is fortunate enough to obtain one, if not antelope skin answers the design of over and undershirt), a pair of leather breeches with blanket or smoked buffalo skin leggings, a coat made of blanket or buffalo robe, a hat or cap of wool, buffalo or otter skin, his hose (socks) are pieces of blanket wrapped around his feet, which are covered with a pair of moccasins made of dressed deer, elk, or buffalo skins, with his long hair falling loosely over his shoulders, completes his uniform.He then mounts and places his rifle before him on his saddle. 5 In addition to the American Indian helping the mountain me n and trappers with survival and hunting knowledge, mountain men also did the same for the Indian in return. Trappers and hunters were the first to introduce to the Indians the use of forged metals for hunting and survival. Large and small game traps were a valuable asset that could be used in ternary areas, and hunting rifles and knives were routinely traded and purchased by the American Indian to enhance and improve their way of life. Notes . Robert Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous Mountain Men and the Paths to the peaceful (New York Henry Holt and Co. , 1998), 155. 2. Stanley Vestal, Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1970), 160. 3. Osborne Russell, Journal of a Trapper In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 & 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara The Narrative Press, 2001), 14. 4. Weber, David J. The Taos Trappers (Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 73. 5. Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness the backwoodsmans Own Story , ed.Thomas Froncek (New York McGraw-Hill, 1974), 321. Bibliography Morgan, Dale. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1953). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 & 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara The Narrative Press, 2001). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper or, society years in the Rocky Mountains, 1834-1843 being a general description of the country, climate, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. , and a view of the life by a hunter in those regions by Osborne Russell, ed. L. A.York (Boise Syms-York, 1914). Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness the Frontiersmans Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York McGraw-Hill, 1974). Utley, Robert. A Life Wild and Perilous Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York Henry Holt and Co. , 1998). Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln University of Nebraska Press, 1970). Weber, David J. The Taos Trappers (Norman Unive rsity of Oklahoma Press, 1971). http//www. mountainsofstone. com/rendezvous. htm http//westernexplorers. us/FurTrade. html http//www. uintahbasintah. org/usmountainmen. htm

Cultural Attitudes Toward Prolonging Life Essay

A 25-year-old cleaning woman is dying of cancer. She has asked the no entire procedures be used to prolong life. She is now comatose and can be kept bouncy only with machines. How would you decide whether her will should be respected? This question was given in class and the majority of my group responded that they would not go to any extreme measures to keep the 25-year-old woman alive. The majority of the group reasons were that it was her will and if that what she wanted then thats what should happen. Another reason my group decided to go along with the womans will is the fact that medical procedures are very costly.One more reason my group decided to go along with the womans will is because she is suffering from an illness and it would be in her best interest not to have to suffer anymore. Although the majority of the group decided no to go to any extremes to prolong her life, I decided not to give up on life. I know that it might sound selfish on my spark but life is a very special gift. My grandfather was a victim of cancer and he, despite all of the suffering he endured, wanted to bond alive for as long as he could.He wanted to remain a strong influence on how is family viewed life. Through the radiation treatments and constants visits to doctors he never gave up on his life. I can remember him saying Baby Im sick but Im present with you and it makes the pain come along a bit more bearable. Through this I learned never to give up on life even when it seem like there is no hope left.

Program for High School Drop Outs

A New Dawn is a architectural plan which bequeath serve well students who pretend dropped out of high school become members of society who leave be to a greater extent successful. It is our hope that with the implementation of this weapons platform that more students bequeath be able-bodied to return to school to finish their education and get vocational skills which lead every(prenominal)ow them to earn more, help depict for their families, and retrace bring out self-esteem.Participation should reduce the subroutine of youth who argon lured away by low-paying, entry-level obs and by other social entities that can defeat the positive attributes of their lives (i. e. gang activity, drugs, alcoholism, etc. ). With this program outline, it should be evident that we can work with the budget allotted and still provide the essential services to our target population the young people of the biotic community who need to be able to return to school. A new day is dawning how w ill you put one over it a successful one? educational, vocational, and training services to many sections of the local anesthetic population.They adjudge been involved in the community for many years (undefined in he scenario) and brace decided to face a new and dangerous contest the increased dropout rates of high school age teenagers in the bea. With increasing economic strains because of Job loss, relocation of companies to other cities, and budgetary losses due to overturn property tax revenues, the students in the bea are being forced to look for work to help support their families. It has been an ongoing challenge for local schools to take and recruit qualified teachers that can hold the interest of these students.Unfortunately, this means that education comes second in heir lives and they lose the motivation to continue to improve themselves. Our function proposes a new and innovative approach to allow them to complete their high school education, gain new skills, a nd be better prepared to handle lifes challenges as they fall in themselves. Statement of Opportunity We are a group of dedicated individuals who want to see the high school dropouts of today become self-sufficient, racy members of the community tomorrow by offering them the skills to begin a new Journey.Education, vocational skills, and training are the key to success our plan is to make a plainly impossible challenge nto success by dint of hard work, perseverance, and the true spirit of belief in our fellow human beings to want to be better than they are today. Impact on Organizational Structure Vision in organizational program training is important because it gives hope and direction to all those who hold military post in a project in this case, students, parents, educators, administrators, potential grant donors, community members, social services workers, and businesses in the area.An executive directors vision is crucial because it shows that they truly reckon in the pr oposed program and that it will ucceed in its goals and objectives. Challenges present themselves every day the true challenge is taking the problems and turning them into opportunities. The positive is far more productive than allowing others to wallow in despair and give up on the possibility of success. Reaching for the stars is unrealistic, but hope is a powerful motivator my goal is to make that hope into a candor for the students who are often forgotten members of society.With any change within an agency, comes an mission, goals, objectives, and vision of any program. Structural changes must occur o allow for new programs to be implemented. Organizational mission, goals, and objectives may have to change slightly to reflect new aspects of the program being developed, but should pretty more remain the same. While all of these areas may be detailed, it is important non to make goals and objectives which are too expansive as it could cause the entire program to fold if not m anaged carefully.I can see where there may need to be some changes when incorporating youth into a program which may have been ab initio designed to assist adults who have different issues. The new oals and objectives of this project must dovetail with existing agency directives because if they do not, they may cause unpleasant and potentially devastating changes to services already offered. Organizational planning may be need to be revamped to include the program in the short- and long- term plans. Any magazine changes take place within an organization there will be changes in the planning.From development to implementation and beyond, new plans which influence current programs will have to be addressed. In this scenario, the implementation of a dropout program may require speediness changes, changes in staffing, community utreach that has not been needed before, coordination with school officials, budgetary changes, and development of new funding sources. It will be important t o keep in consideration the needs of current programs when developing new structure for this program so as not to damage already successful programs.Organizational operations will also need to change based on the needs of clientele, staff members, and facility availability. There will be a need for more space for classrooms, more instructors, and different equipment and materials using the same materials for igh school age students may not be realistic in terms of safety. Costs will quite definitely increase as the demand for hands-on vocational learning becomes reality for this group of students, hours are extended, and new materials for classroom learning need to be purchased.Administrative staff and Board of Directors support will require a clear and close picture of how things will need to be altered in order for them to run effectively and efficiently. Human resources is an area that will clearly need to be given a lot of thought and creative thinking to best utilize the staff hat is already employed by our agency. It has been difficult for local school districts to hire qualified, motivated instructors to work with this fairly specialized group.It is no low-cal task to work with students who have given up on the academician environment to search for work to support their families. The key to the success of this program is to grab their interest, give them the tools and resources to better themselves, and then help them to be successful in the outside world. Since we cannot offer extravagant salaries to these professionals, we must have more to offer them the esire to help a group which is underprivileged and in desperate need of help in addition to fairly flexible class schedules may help convince them to come teach for this worthwhile project.In addition to this, formal classroom positions are being cut by all districts, so by hiring teachers who have been displaced and do not wish to relocate there is a benefit to all involved. Continued education m ay be inevitable to ready these instructors for different types of students and teaching methods. Technological resources will need to be added or adapted to build this program and heir involvement, they may quit again which would defeat the purpose of the program.The project will require more computers and software for student use, new and safer machinery, meliorate software for administrative staff to be able to track, organize, and make formal reports of progress, budgets, and program usage. Because these students are high school age, the need for reporting to state agencies will be a requirement if this agency is to receive funding and the average daily allowance (ADA) for each eligible student that notes will be essential as the rogram grows and thrives.Training for staff members may be necessary to ensure that they have the required skills that have not been needed before. Financial resources are credibly the largest challenge to making this opportunity a reality for this o rganization. Additional money will be needed to supplement the already lean budget of past years. Employing more teachers, counselors, trainers, and support personnel will not be in big-ticket(prenominal) salaries and benefits are required to attract qualified individuals.A reward and incentive program will need to be developed ince salaries and benefits may not be as rich as many are used to in the educational industry. The calculate of eligible high school dropouts is expected to be 1,000 individuals with a rise to 2,000 each year after inception. The total funding for this program at present is $1,600,000, so until further funding can be acquired budgets will still have to run very lean. Accumulating needed materials and equipment can be done on a graduated need base so that not all of the finances are spent on these line items.It will be necessary to apply for outside grants from government agencies and other non-traditional options. Community Environmental Factors The local e conomy in the area is severely depressed because many companies are going away the area for other cities the loss of property and other tax revenue has caused local cutbacks in services with significant impact on school budgets. When budgets are reduced in education, the first individuals who suffer are the students. Loss of teachers, materials, extra-curricular activities, and support staff markedly increase the dropout rate among teens.There are few choices for students other than to elbow grease to engender work to help support their families making school an mpossibility and limiting further success. Competition is a problem because students need to find work and will turn to businesses when they should be attending school. If the youth of this community feel that the needs of their families is too strong, they may forego returning to school no matter how easy the road is made for them. They have to find value in furthering their education our goal is to show them that there i s a better life procurable through education and give them the skills they need to succeed.The employment market locally is not helping the situation rather it is a hindrance. The more pressure exerted on the market, the more businesses will move out of the area because there is incentive to do so. As companies leave, property and other taxes drop which means less money is available for schools and other local services. The amount of teachers and support staff drops and students feel it is not worth their time to attend. Financial resources will always be limited, so the time is now to take advantage of loans and grants offered by the school district and government agencies.Applying for outside grants will need to occur, but without firm commitments they cannot be The risks that the agency will take will be directly correlated to the success of the program. If the project shows that it is successful, more money will be fed into its coffers. If the program is questionable or fails, money will be withdrawn which could seriously hamper current programs as well as the proposed program. In theory, this investment could make or modernise the organization which is more than likely working on a very limited budget in the first place.Adding additional staff and technical resources is expensive and if these people would have to be terminated because the rogram fails, there will be other separation costs associated machinery and other items may have to be exchange for a significant loss if they cannot be used in other programs. The benefits of this program to the community is that the teenagers who have given up on their education may return to school to learn more skills which will help them to find better paying Jobs in the future.By becoming more highly trained and better educated, it will be easier for them to find employment. The increase in the dropout rate from five percent to 15% is astronomical in Just two years and is nacceptable something must be done to st op the bleeding By developing and implementing a program which helps local youth, the status of this organization will increase allowing more money to flow in for all programs and increase community support.This support encourages more students to see the value in returning to school because they can see the secernate of going through the program. Human Resources It will be important to hire new instructors, trainers, and more than likely some support staff to work with students and provide the administrative assistance to make this program operate efficiently and effectively. The one thing you cannot be short on is instructional staff to help students to learn the skills they need to be able to walk away with the ability to become productive members of the community.Because many school districts are cutting staff members, there is a surplus of unemployed or underemployed teachers and we may be able to secure some trainers from the private industrial sector on a odd-job(prenominal ) basis if they feel it will be to their benefit to have better trained employees. Our staff is truly one of the most important keys to the success or failure of this program without them, there would e no way to make success a possibility. With staffing cuts, come reductions in pay for many school employees, so we will need to provide other incentives to attract qualified, motivated instructors.Paid time off, health benefits (at least partially covered by the agency), incentive rewards for number of students who do well and/or graduate from our program, and other extrinsic reward systems will be implemented as the budget allows. Intrinsic rewards such as cognizance by other staff members, community recognition, publication in journals to recognize the successes each member has worked hard to attain, and ven something as simple as a grin and a good Job from supervisory personnel will make a big difference in the way employees feel about their Jobs.As administrator Director, I pe rsonally will take this responsibility to make this happen and encourage others on my staff to do the same. The operating budget for this program is not large at only $1,600,000. It will take a great deal of hard work to make this budget work and still have a successful program. With the help and dedication of our staff, along with positive support from community members, we can make it work. We will be applying for grants from theNational Education Association (NEA), atomic number 20 Teachers Association (CTA), government title grants (such as American With Disabilities Act (ADA)) funding, and other non-traditional grant donors. It is our hope that we can procure enough money to make this program operate smoothly and employ more staff members to encourage students to want to participate in a variety of programs. It is recognized that budgets will need to be increased each year because new students will be Joining established students in the program. It is estimated that for the fi rst year there will be 1,000 eligible students and 2,000 each year after.If the program works well, we estimate this number will continue to grow as the individuals leave the program and find that their ability to find work at a better rate increases. As students hear that the program is working, they will want to participate more word of mouth is by far one of the most important and cheapest methods of advertising.

Vinca plants

The experiment is to take 4 Vinci im comprises, which be about the corres kittying size, health, and flowering stages and discovery out which one will grow the best. Each of the prepargons will have 75 ml of a liquid d anyy for 10 days. My Grandma bought them from Loses on September 20, 2011 for me. Breakdown of the plants are as follows simpleness plant will hold up tap peeing. lay A will get draw from the refrigerator. kit and caboodle B will get Lou Ana Pure Vegetable 011. set C will get seraphic tea. We made up a pitcher Just for the experiment, so that It s the same every day.Experiment both day for 10 days put in 75 ml of liquid of a particularised liquid into each plant and overtake which one will grow the best. Hypothesis I deliberate the one with take out is going to grow best of the three, non including the control. Milk is effectual for the body and I think it could also be good for plants. sidereal day Before The Experiment Began Mom got the plants for me from Loses the day in the first place so they were fresh. Also will need 4 Styrofoam plates, 4 equal size containers for the liquids, masking tape, invariable markers, camera, and ruler. 1 . Take the plants to area they are going to e entire time.For me it was the covered lanai in the pricker of our house. 2. Put Styrofoam plates and place one under each plant prevents cross contamination and keeps the table clean. 3. abide roll of masking tape and a permanent marker. 4. Cut tape into 4 equal strips. 5. lettuce each strip with name and put on plant. 6. Collect the four containers for the liquids. 7. Put in inaugural container water from the tap and put lid on it. In 2nd container, poured in 4 cups of milk, in 3rd container made up redolence tea and poured in 4 cups, and in final container poured in 4 cups of vegetable oil.Water and oil containers remained on the counter, and the milk and tea containers were in the refrigerator. twenty-four hour period Of The Experime nt I decided to measure and water my plants before school in the morning and early on the weekends. 1. Day one, I then took pictures of each plant. 2. Then I measured each plant and wrote down the sizes in my Journal. 3. With a measuring cup, I measure out ml (1/C) of each liquid and pour it into the veracious plant. I rinse out the glass cup in between each type of liquid. 4. I Jot down observations on the plants each day in a Journal. 5.I also look at the newspaper to e accurate on the temperatures for the day before and note it in the Journal, along with any weather (like rain, clouds, etc). 6. Repeat steps 1 thru 3 for the next 10 days. September 21, 2011 Day 1 of the Experiment Observations altogether four plants are new, very healthy and have many flowers in antithetical stages of opening. Plants are in original container with Styrofoam plates under them so there is no cross contamination. Plants are in the covered porch area to keep from getting wet from any rain so they will not be contaminated by rain water. Get sun all afternoon.We took pictures and measurements of plants, as seen below. check into Plant Water 9 lanky Plant A- Milk Plant pompous Plant C fragrancy tea leaf 8 tall 94/72 Very Sunny All plants are the same height as yesterday. All silence look very healthy. The water, sweet tea and milk plant were dry on the bottom today oil was very wet. It had a good pool on plate. Flowers still look good on all. It was very sunny in the morning, warm and had a can of rain in the afternoon. Control Plant Water 9 h tall Plant C- sugariness Tea 8 tall 90/73 September 23, 2011 Day 3 of the Experiment sweet tea, and milk plant were dry on the bottom today oil was very wet.It had a good pool on plate. We had to dump out so it did not run all over the table. Flowers still look good on all I am surprised. Had some sun before it rained. 91/72 September 24, 2011 Day 4 of the Experiment plate NASTY It was full of stinky pond type scum. My mom ma de me commute the plate because it stank and was worried about the small bugs flying about the plant. Oil and tea plants are okay. All plants are very moist. All plants still look okay. Pictures interpreted this morning to show new look. It was cloudy most of the day. Forecast calls for rain all weekend. 0 Control Plant Water 10 tall Plant B -Oil 8 h tallPlant C- fragrancy Tea 9 tall 92172 September 25, 2011 Day 5 of the Experiment They all look the same. Milk plant really stinks small bugs flying around it. Cloudy most of the day. Plant A- Milk 9 tall Plant 8 w tall Plant C- Sweet Tea 8 h tall 90/72 September 26, 2011 Day 6 of the Experiment The milk plant stinks and there are bugs flying around it and the flowers are falling off. All others look okay. 0 Plant A -Milk 8 withal Plant B -Oil 8 w tall Plant C -Sweet Tea 8 h tall 92/70 September 27, 2011 Day 7 of the Experiment Milk plant really STINKS-there is a foam like scum that comes out after giving it a rink.The flowers are dying and falling off. Leaves not so big, plant looks worse today-leaves look less green than the others. The milk plant is SHRINKING Control Plant Water 10 h tall Plant A- Milk 7 h tall Plant 8 tall Plants-sweetmeat 7 tall September 28, 2011 Day 8 of the Experiment The control plant is doing The milk plant is The oil plant is kind slouchy. Sweet tea plant doing fine. Plant A- Milk 7 tall Plant B -Oil 7 h tall September 29, 2011 Day 9 of the Experiment The control plant is the only one doing good. All others are dying. Leaves all crinkled, plants leaning over.Milk plant still stinks. Gave it new plate hoping some of the bugs would go outside(a). Cannot disunite if others stink. Plant B -Oil 7 w tall 90/68 September 30, 2011 Day 10 of the Experiment Milk plant is disgusting. It smells so bad that my grandma threw up when moving it this morning. Had to move plants away from the door smell was too gross New pictures of the plants were taken. All plants except control are dying. Le aves all crinkled all leaning over and the flowers are dying. Control plant looks great. Plant B -Oil 7 tall 90/67 All of the plants, except the control plant, are definitely dying.Apparently, you should never roll plants anything but water. The dying plants have wilted leaves and the flowers are all crumpled up. The dying plants have all shrunk in size. The control plant is healthy green and tall. Plant A- Milk 6 tall Plant 6 h tall Plant C -Sweet Tea 6 h tall consequence OF MY EXPERIMENT The only plant that did well was the one with plain water. My hypothesis was wrong. The milk plant did the beat by far If I was to do this experiment again, I would never, and I mean never, pick milk as one of the liquids.I would like to try some more different liquids, like tap water with oracle grow (fertilizer) and made Cool-Aid, because it is basically water with sugar and food coloring. I would like to see if plant does well with Cool-Aid because it is almost all water and would like to kn ow if the food coloring would change the color of the plant/flowers. I would like to run this experiment in the summer time when it is hotter and they would get more sunlight. Wonder if the failed plants would have died faster in hotter temperatures or if they would have fared better. My other thought on liquids was the try Coca-Cola as one of the liquids.

Difference between poems Essay

Both verse forms ar a response to other peoples thought process of the poets cultural identities. The poetrys are written as though the poet is replying to some one directly. Half-Cast is about a multi cultural person who is standing up against racism and against people look down upon them because of their ethnicity. bathroom Agard is line of reasoning with the person who is being racist to him by sceptical if Half-Cast means he is half a man. mute I rising slope is about a woman, Maya Angelou who has had a traumatic personal and cultural history precisely still she rises above it.She has had to face racial and sexual prejudice, but she still stands strong. In Half-Cast John Agard opens the poem with a polite but angry request. This opening is only an angry one because of the following lines. unbosom me standing on one leg, I am half-cast This sarcasm is showing that he is trying to be nice but is annoyed about it. The first line is very polite but straightway after the p oet is acquiring the reader of suggesting he is half a man by using the speech half-caste. He uses in nominal language throughout the poem, the language is also written in john Agards dialect.It makes you say the words how it sounds. This could be the poet celebrating his culture. Explain yuself, Wha yu mean This also makes you as the reader feel the anger, trouble and sadness through the Agards tone. The structure of the poem is simple but effective by using a three line opening two quite large stanzas then closes with three lines. One poetic technique he uses in each stanza is repetition of his points. Explain yuself, Wha yu mean This is repeated also so that Agard could give his reasons for being insulted and emphasises his argument.In each stanza he uses comparisons When yu say half-caste, Yu mean Tchaikovsky, Sit down at dah piano, an mix a black key Wid a white key, Is a half-caste symphony. This is questioning it Tchaikovskys music should be seen as inferior because he mixe d black and white notes. The poem is well structured and the language is perfectly composed. I have keep using this quote as it very strong and uses a lot of poetic techniques. Explain yu self, Wha yu mean. The comparisons are very wide because you can understand and relate to his point as he compares his situation using metaphors.Still I rise, it is set out in 8 stanzas, and in which 7 out of 8 are all the same lengths except the eighth as it is the inhabit stanza and is the climax of the poem. The language she uses is most(prenominal)ly formal but it very up beat. You may kill me, but she is not bothered. In some stanzas it seems as she is mocking the person/people who are putting her down like they are pathetic. Does my sexiness disturbance you the word sexiness in this context does not only imply that she is beautiful and believes that she is, but that she feels gallant of her culture, which makes her confident.Maya uses many techniques in her writing such as through out the poem she uses rhetorical questions. Did you destiny to see me broken? These questions force the reader to think and imagine about there own views on racism and what it would be like to be in her shoes. She also uses personification You may kill me with your hatefulness. This is effective because kill me is a very strong phrase and keeps creating the image of her arriving back at her township after the sager. Throughout the poem she has used a rhyming pattern of every first and last lines this is successful as it builds a flowing structure to the poem.The poet uses repetition to emphasise her point Out of the army hut of historys shame I rise Up from a. I rise. This shows that once again she has risen above it. Historys shame this is a direct reference to the struggles face up by her ancestors in her cultural history. I think that Mayas technique clearly puts her point across and the last stanza finishes the poem with a strong phrase of I rise, I rise, I rise, I rise presenti ng that life is hard but what ever it throws at you, you shall rise above it. In each of the poems Maya Angelou and John Agard use repetition which emphasises their subliminal messages in the poem.John Agard gets quite defensive and angry, whereas Maya Angelou although angry and annoyed she sash calms and rises above it. I think the message of the two poems is that even when we are faced with prejudice and contrast we can be the better people by not complying with it. I also believe the most effective techniques used to present their opinions of their cultures and peoples perception of them were repetition, similes and rhetorical questions this created the tense moments that draw the reader in to go on and finish the poem.

Information Sharing Essay

Abstract- Information overlap is a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip install. Previous interrogation suggested that applying distinguishable ISS( learning manduction strategy) to the tot arrange may reform the try image carrying surface at a lower place a simplified two- train come out string model. In this paper, we present a simulation study that investigates the topiciveness of info sacramental manduction under diametrical discipline sharing strategy scenarios within a complex multi- take hang on chain model. In our research, a com commiter model is developed to simulate the complex multi-level supply chain model. The simulation data and results outline show both distributors and suppliers gain significantly from schooling sharing no matter under various reading sharing strategy except retailers and different breeding sharing strategy has great baffle on supply chain doing. Keywords- information sharing information sharing strategy bullwhip e ffect multi-level supply chain model simulationI.INTRODUCTIONSupply chain collaboration has a major blow on an organizations ability to meet customer needs and reduce cost, especially under strike uncertainty. It has become a research focus. While a key step in supply chain collaboration is to share information among the supply chain partners. And information sharing is also viewed as a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip effect 1,2,3,4. So evaluating the effectiveness or the value of information sharing becomes hot issue5,6.Previous research indicated the effectiveness of information sharing on supply chain7. Other research suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance8,9,13,14. But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified.Whatsmore their research is strong-minded and did not connect the two factors which are information sharing and information sharing strategy . Till now, in truth little research has been done about the effectiveness of information sharing and whether different ISS improve the supply chain performance in complex multilevel supply chain. Z.Huang and A.Gangopadhyay7 put forward that the instrument costs and back localise penalties are measured in evaluating the supply chain performance, but it is limited because the function is not an expression. We improve on it and put forward an approximately simplifyingexpression based on it, which helps us to take a computer simulation approach in investigating the encounter of information sharing among trading partners on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies in the complex multi-level supply chain model. Z. Huang and A. Gangopadhyay7 use a comprehensive supply chain model. In fact, their model is simplified 1) just now two different parameters, low and high, are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand hesitation by random number sour ce. 2) Their research doesnt take into account the demand auguring. 3) In their research different levels of ancestry buffer instead of a specific inventory model are used, and they precisely examine three different ranges of inventory buffer levels 100%-150%, 150%-200%, and 200%250%. In this paper, we put forward an improved multi-level supply chain model based on these unlimited.And we compare the impact of different information sharing strategy by building a new supply chain performance function. Especially we use computer program to simulate the different parameters in random number generator which are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand fluctuation under different information sharing strategy scenarios. II. INFORMATION SHARING STRATEGY IN SCM Supply chain management (SCM) is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distributors and retailers, so that goods are produced, distributed and delivered at the rig ht quantities, to the right places, and at the right time. In this part, we introduce an important problem in SCM-the bullwhip effect and the suggested solution-information sharing strategy (ISS).A.Bullwhip Effiet andInformation sharing The Bullwhip effect is one of the most well-known problems of SCM. It refers to the amplification of demand variability resulted from the information distortion in a supply chain where companies upstream do not have information on the existent consumer demand 4. The effects of the bullwhip effect are large safety stock, large inventory costs, poor customer service level and inefficient resource use. Its five main causes include 1) demand forecast modify 2) lead-timeAuthorized licensed use limited to University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Downloaded on July 23,2010 at 045555 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.3) allege batching 4) price fluctuation and 5) shortage gaming 1, 4. ISS has long been suggested as a method to reduce the bullwhip effect an d to help match supply with demand 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 19, especially in todays world where IT enables the information to be shared among supply chain partners. Fisher 20 discussed the relationship among product nature, demand pattern and ISS. topaz and Wang 10 suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance.But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified. Commonly used ISSs include order information, demand information, freight rate information, inventory information and forecast information sharing 10. to from each one one suck ups different information policy and the information can flow upstream or downstream in the supply chain.HA3 thither is positive relationship between the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. HA4 there is positive relationship between the demand variability, the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. Furthermore, we assume the two following hypotheses involvingthe impact of information sharing on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies HB 1 information sharing strategy influences the supply chain performance significantly.HB2 HAl, HA2, HA3 and HA4 come into macrocosm under different information sharing strategy including OISS, DISS and SISS. III. THE DESIGN OF MULTI-LEVEL SUPPLY CHAIN mold Our aim to design the multi-level supply chain model is to understand the behaviors of the supply chain and to find out the impact on supply chain performance of different ISS according to end consumers demand uncertainty. The performance of the system under a number of different scenarios needs to be measured, which falls into the specific battlefield of computer simulation.B.Basic Information Sharing Strategies In this paper, we will consider three information sharing strategies, which are order i nformation sharing strategy (OISS), demand information strategy (DISS) and sales information sharing strategy (SISS)ll. l)Order information sharing strategy(OISS) each tier bases its demand forecast only on the order from the lower tier but does not know other tiers inventory, shipment, or delivery. Under OISS, each tiers share their forecasting order information in the planning horizon from downstream to upstream anyways the real order. 2)Demand information sharing strategy (DISS) each tier is provided with the real end consumers demand. The inventory management system used is the echelon inventory system.Under DISS, each tiers share to their forecasting net demand information with their higher tiers in the planning horizon besides the real order. 3)Shipment information sharing strategy(SISS) which essence that each tiers share the historical information of real shipment information. Under SISS, upper tiers sharing their shipment information to their downstream customers can help them make their production /inventory decision. Hypotheses of Peiformances of IS andISSs The overall objective of this research is to study the value of information sharing by examining the combined effects of information sharing, demand variability, and inventory level on supply chain performance. Let Y be the supply chain performance, a be the degrees of information sharing, b be the demand variability, and c be the inventory buffer level 7. CA.Multi-level Supply Chain Model For a traditional supply chain, each entity only interacts with its flying upstream and downstream entities, Fig.l, and makes decision based on the information which it can attain for its own optimal goal. Our selection of the four-level information strengthened supply chain model is more generic than the two-level chain social structure that is prevalent in most of the current researches. At each level, we have multiple trading partners. Each node/tier interacts with other according to the acquaintance re lationship stipulated as the information and physical framework flows in Fig.l. Under normal supply chain operation, each tier of the chain generates a forecast for the next period based on the demand that it faces from the previous chain tier. Using information sharing, the substitution warehouse of each tier has access to its customer demand data and generates its forecast according to that, beltway the information distortion caused by the stores node. We expect that information sharing can help reducing each tiers warehouse order oscillation and mean cycle inventory.Y= f(a,b,c)( 1)Then we assume the four following hypotheses involving the degree of information sharing (a) HAl there is positive relationship between the degrees of information sharing and the supply chain performance. HA2 there is positive relationship between the demand variability and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance.