Using Corn-Plastic as an Eco-Friendly Packaging Material

utilise Corn-Plastic as an Eco-Friendly Packaging Material Introduction For the purpose of this project, I chose to engage sheets of corn-plastic as a wrapper for Big Kahuna Burger. The wrapper would be by inches and less than a millimeter thick. The reason I chose sheets over boxes was because sheets stinkpot be stacked by the thousands making shipping more economic and producing less material in land fills. The material of this wrapper is corn-plastic, or by its scientific name, polylactic acid.Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) is a thermoplastic resin aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as cornstarch, tapioca roots, chips or starch, or sugarcane. This is an environmentally practical material for an assortment of reasons It is perishable, non-harmful to people or the environment and it comes from natural, renewable resources. The United States uses 20. 8 million barrels of oil per day, 10 share of which goes solely to the production of conventional p lastic such as polythene terephthalate (PET) sources CIA World Factbook, Jewell.Bioplastics like corn plastic, however, dont require oil and, as a bonus, their manufacture releases fewer toxins and greenhouse gases. (Howstuffworks. com) Pre-Production Harvesting of corn requires fossil fuels to sacking tractors and other machines Fossil fuels required to ship to factories. Production First, the harvested corn proceeds is soaked and ground so that the endosperm can be separated from the gluten and fiber. This quantity is typical in grain crop harvesting, too.Next, stirrs add enzymes to the starchy endosperm, which converts the endosperm into a simple sugar called dextrose. Then, the addition of bacterial cultures causes the sugar to ferment into lactic acid in the same way brewers use fermentation to produce beer. The resulting acid consists of lactide molecules, which bond into long chains called polymers. At the end of this process, bioplastics producers collect pellets of po lylactic acid plastic, which can then be spun off into fibers or smooth to take just about any form. (Howstuffworks. com). Low energy and taint in manufacturing process. Distribution Due to thin sheets, thousands of sheet wrappers can be shipped in a single box, making distribution highly efficient. little fossil fuels used in the distribution process. Utilization Although is a biodegradable material, it provides a stable water proof protection for food. Wrapping sandwiches of variant sizes with the same wrapper as apposed to having different sized boxes for each heart and soul less material used. Disposal Takes a month in a high-humidity composting environment at 140 degrees Fahrenheit to decompose. Cant be recycled with PLE plastic. After decomposition, turns back into its original form as earth that has zero affect on the environment and no pollution. Cons of Bioplastic It can hardly be decomposed in commercial decomposition plants that require large amounts of energy. Ca nnot be recycled with fastness plastic. A small amount of bioplastic in a traditional cycle plant can contaminate a much larger voice of reusable plastic, preventing it from being usable. Commercial composters in the Northwestern United States only accept bioplastics from food service operations, not households. (This is not a problem for big Kahuna Burger. Solution PLA wrappers at Big Kahuna Burger leave be given up of in a special bin and then sent to a commercial composter. This may cost more, but as the bioplastic industry grows and matures, cheaper and easier composting will be available. References What is corn plastic? How Stuff Works. July 2011.

Personal Response on Sexual Identity

I am guided by the pursuit of pleasance beca persona I prefer to do what feels right rather than what is best. I attend to to my gut feeling or listen to my heart if you will. Was raised(a) to do what Is best for me and non for any unrivaled else, and soak up in any case taught myself never regret anything that I do save figure and grow from my mistakes. I also yoke to the value rationalism, which may seem uniform I contradict myself unless sometimes I do stop and think close to the consequences in advance I act or else of living in the moment. In my past, I corroborate made some terrible mistakes and has made me pauperization to be more cautious about certain situations I incur across.I hope that I will continuously relate to these values. Critical Thinking and knowledgeable Decision Making People may not know that they use critical thinking e precise time they make a inner decision, but I know how Important It Is to think a cozy decision with before making a d ecision. I would contemplate myself a freethinker even after(prenominal) this class. Being a skeptic means that I capture to question anything related to informal activities. I find it important to think about the consequences before making a decision because I mountain avoid making mistakes.A time that I had to use critical thinking was when I was deciding whether to lose my virginity or not. That decision was not something that I could assume right away but would take me a bit to think about the consequences. It was my decision ultimately to make, and no one could wait on me decide. Critical thinking is a essential anytime you atomic number 18 about to make a life-altering decision. sexual activity Identity Gender case-by-caseity is the belief in which you truly atomic number 18. Before we are natural we are given a sex assignment, based on the intimate and external organs we take aim in the womb.As e grow up, we learn whom we are and determine which gender we sum up with. Most of the time we localize with the gender we were assigned with when In the womb or after birth. at that place are times that Individuals choose the opposite gender than the one they were assigned. Factors that help determine gender identity is contagious factors, companionable factors and environmental factors. among man and woman, 23 chromosomes are combined to make up the genetic code. The egg carriers the X sex chromosome and the sperm can carry either the X or Y sex chromosome. This is the sex assignment and normally the gender most people identify as.Social factors help they raised you as a boy, you would most likely identify yourself as a boy. Also, your peers can have an effect on how you determine your gender identity. If one wants to perish in, he or she may try to identify as the gender that their peers are. Environmental factors can help determine your gender identity by naturally shaping you into whom you believe you are. People go through more situations that can have an effect on your gender identify. The factors that have bear upon my gender identity are genetic factors, environmental factors and social factors.At birth, it was find out that I m a girl because of my internal and external organs I have. Social and environmental factors determined my gender identity because my parents raised me based on my sex assignment. My parents and our society taught me that in that respect was lone(prenominal) one way. Which technically meant that I had no say in my gender identity since I was born as a girl I was to breathe a girl. The factor that most helps me to determine my gender identity was the social factor of my parents raising me as I was meant to be. Masculinity and Femininity On the continuum of masculinity-femininity, I fall close to the middle but closer to Minnie.I like to get dressed up and be girl with makeup and purses, but I also like to hang with the guys and watch football and drink a beer. I would not say I am masculine in any way, but I do have masculine tendencies because Im not afraid to get dirty. I grew up with both parents so I would say they balanced my feminine and masculine qualities. They taught me the important parts of cosmos feminine and masculinity. My mother taught me to act like a lady, and my father taught me how to diverge a tire. Attraction There are three genes of attractiveness they are attitude, physical attraction ND reciprocity.The first thing someone notices about another person is his or her physical appearance. What makes a person want to further the relationship is his or her attitude. If they find the attitude to be attractive, chances are they will try to further the relationship. Reciprocity is when both parties want the alike thing and will work together to make their relationship a lasting one. The factor that is most important to me would be an attitude because while physical attraction is the first thing I notice, attitude is the component that makes me want to act on my feelings.If someone does not have a good attitude or a similar attitude as mine, I will not find him or her attractive. Styles of Love The dashs of chouse that are constant in my life right now are romantic chicane, possessive excited love and friendship. Romantic love has always been a constant in my life because I am a lover. When I fall in love, I fall hard. Romantic love is probably the truest love today. Possessive excited love is a style of love that I find in my life today. Although my boyfriend and I are not possessive, we have a lot of excitement in our relationship.The excitement to see each other after a abundant day of work or the excitement to have a battle night keeps our relationship strong. Before my boyfriend and I decided to be in a relationship, we were really great friends. We bonded instantly and got along very(prenominal) well. When I started to feel like being friends was not enough for me, I had to let him know. diachronic a nd Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Homosexuality is when an individual is attracted sexually or romantically to people of in our society we have people who protest against gays having equal rights such as arraign.Of course, our society has come a long way with heterosexuals fighting along side the homosexuals for the their rights. Historical and scientific perspectives have shaped the way I perceive my sexual orientation and myself. Historically, homosexual practices were either done in secret or known about but shunned. Homosexuals were looked down on and seen as abominations. In the past individuals who were accused of homosexuality were convicted by the Office of the Night, which was a group of Christians who felt negatively on homosexuals.In todays society, homosexuals do not have to hide that they are gay because they can not be convicted for whom they are. Unfortunately, there are still individuals out there that do not agree with homosexuality. There is still the pot ential of gay individuals being harassed by those individuals. Hate crimes are still common in our society. I am not gay, but I do have gay friends and family, and I do not look at them any differently instead I stand beside them and protect them from any hate that comes their way. History has only taught me that we need to fight for the rights and that I need to be true to myself.Scientific perspectives have researched the possibility of genetics and mental health being the cause of homosexuality. They have studied family trees to determine if homosexuality can be passed down through generations. They only found that the X chromosome could influence sexual orientation. The researchers have also studied the brain and the possibility that homosexuality can be caused by a mental illness of some sort. Scientific perspectives have not reflected on my sexual orientation. I am straight because I choose to be.I believe that anyone should be able to love whoever they want without being Judg ed for it. stillbirth When I was younger I always thought abortion was harm because it was taking a life of a baby. As I grew up and learned more, I realized I was making my decision on abortion based off of others ideas of abortion. I became aware of abortion when a friend of mine in high school had an abortion after having sex once. I understood why she would want an abortion because of being in high school and she had her whole life ahead of her. Her family was very strict, and she was worried about her parents disowning her.

Depression

INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE DEPRESSION JIMENA VILLEGAS SPC1017 INTRODUCTION Hook How umteen of you be going through clinical picture? Or do you see friends and/or family members who argon going through mental picture? Thesis literary argument Today I get out talk about nonion. I will talk about the background, the causes of this disease, the symptoms and fin eachy, the discourse and pr flattion of printing. BODY I. Background A. What is impression? 1. According to Dr. Jane Doe from www. health. yahoo. com, belief is a supposition disorder that hastens you recover sad or hopeless for a period of time.Dr fast genius Doe states in his article, The volume Who Suffer from natural slump that drop- false bottomland contract a signifi behindt impact on the enjoyment of your bread and butter, your pee, your health and to the peck who c atomic number 18 about you. slump affects wad differently. Some heap feel down for a period of time and early(a)s feelings come and go. If you charter short term drop-off you are still able to get to and take care of daily activities. scarce if you extradite a coherent period of opinion and dont seek any considerate of treatment you are more(prenominal) at risk of becoming even more depressed or becoming physically ill. B.How many another(prenominal) mass are affected by drop-off? 1. According to the health professionals at, www. nmha. org. com Depression has affected more than 19 million Ameri muckle adults each year. And yet, the non-reported sufferers of depression smokenot be estimated. Depressive illness often interferes with normal functions of e really day life, as well as, causing physical pain for those who suffer from depression. Serious depression goat destroy familys lives as well as the psyche affected. A lot of people, who are depressed, do not seek serve or treatment. II. Causes of depressionA. According to www. psychlogyinfo. com, depression is often caused by a stressful lif e event, illnesses, or certain drugs or practice of medicine. B. Depression can be caused by a serious loss, relationship problems, and work stress, family crisis, pecuniary problems, or any unwelcome life change. III. Symptoms A. Depression is more than except the normal, temporary felling of sadness and hopelessness. It has other factors that your health care professional can help you with. B. Dr Jane Doe claims Depression has other symptoms. Her article on www. harvardmedical. com, provides many practices of symptoms.Here are a few from her list a. Depressive mood. b. Not enjoying the daily activities in your life. c. Problems concentrating. d. Poor memory. e. Having trouble making decisions. f. Changes in eating habits. g. Weight ready or weight loss. h. Changes in eating habits. i. Difficulty going to work or taking care of daily responsibilities. j. S number one thoughts and speech. k. trace viciousness and hopelessness. Wondering if life is worth living. l. Thoughts of death and suicide. IV. Treatment/Prevention A. Depression is usually treated successfully with professional counseling and/or positive medication.People with depression can be treated as outpatients or in some contingencys a person has to be hospitalized. B. According to www. health. org. com, here are some ways to prevent you from becoming depressed. a. Try to be with other people. Its better than creation alone. b. Participate in activities that may make you feel better. c. Mild exercise. d. Going to a movie, a ballgame, or move in religious, social, or other activities that may help. e. Most importantly allow your family and friends help. CONCLUSION Today Ive talked about depression. Ive given you the background, causes, symptoms, and treatment options available for depression.According to the American Psychiatric Association, at least 3 in 10 people will become depressed in their lifetime. That nub at least 30% of you could suffer from depression. Even though depression i s a very stressful and serious disease, we should always protect ourselves from acquiring it. Always ask your family and friends for help. They can be the most helpful people in your life. Get treatment as soon as you can. immortalise your loved ones are there for you. Dont hesitate. Depression is a very dangerous disease that can affect your loved ones, and speciallyDepressionDepression is not only a state of existence sad, it is a disease that conquers the ability to feel emotion, whether good or bad, whatsoever. Depression not only involves the idea, it also involves the body and thoughts. Depression is not a disease that only influences males or children of the age three to eleven. Every gentleman being is prone to depression. Although women are three times more plausibly to become depressed than men, men are five times more equivalently to commit suicide when depressed than women.Although all age groups are open to depression, teenagers are the most common to be heard o f being affected by the disease. This is probably because of peer pressure and the changes in their life. iodin great risk for becoming depressed is if you smoke. Some scientists hold to trust that smoking may be linked to Depression. Tobacco smoke kills off an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down a nerve cell chemical that activates pleasure seeking behavior. Most experts believe a combination of family account statement (your genes) and stressful life events may cause depression.Genes people whose family members hurt had depression are more likely to go through a depression period. Life events are a study cause of depression for example the lost of a loved one, had a baby (depression after birth), lately divorced, constant stress, substance abuse, or any other life changing event. How do you know if you are going through a depression? Well here are some symptoms Sadness and loss of merriment in things once enjoyed are probably the most known symptoms. But some symp toms are sometimes overlooked. Guilt is one symptom that coincides with depression vastly.When feelings of guilt are put on a person they hurt what hope they once had. They blame themselves for things that they are not accountable for and have extreme feelings of hopelessness. Other symptoms overlooked are insomnia and loss of appetite. Not acquire enough sleep may be linked to stress and guilt. Feeling hopeless, worthless or guilty. Losing energy or feeling tired all the time. Having problems concentrating, remembering, or making decisions and one of the most important symptom is thought about death or hurting one self.Depressed individuals have shorter life expectanciesthan those without depression, in part because of greater susceptibility tomedicalillnesses and suicide. There are three different types of depression. study Depression is the most severe case of depression that there is. The symptoms for study Depression are effective like any other type of depression. To be Majorly Depressed you do not have to have been hospitalized or medicated. Lots of people get depression confused with extreme sadness. Depression is not a term just to be thrown close to it is a evere state of being. The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the patients self-reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and amental status examination. Typically, patients are treated withantidepressant medication and, in many cases, also receivepsychotherapyor counseling, although the military capability of medication for mild or moderate cases is questionable. Dysthymic Depression is a low level of depression that lasts up to at least two eld and in most cases longer.When one is diagnosed with Dysthymic Depression they are very revolting to treatment. Although Dysthymic Depression is not as severe as Major depression it is still very important. Dysthymics will usually undergo a Major Depression episode sometime during their dysthymic period. Bip olar Depression, also known as, phrenetic Depression, is yet another type of Depression. This type has very different symptoms than that of Major Depression or Dysthymia. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder are having both very high and very low mood swings.When one has Manic Depression one day they could be extremely happy and the next in a very severe depressive mood. This change in mood can happen over hours or over a period of time. sometimes depression can be emptyed all together. Having a good home plate life and a high self-esteem would be primary for people not to be depressed. Although in some cases you are predisposition to have depression, little things do help. Talking about your problems and not bottling them up helps immensely to avoid emotional breakdowns and blowups.Avoiding extreme stressers, like putting yourself in a situation you cannot get out of, also helps. Avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol also helps with staying healthy and happy. Offer goodwill to others, learn to detach from thoughts, keep busy, avoid feelings of guilt, live a balanced life, dont base your satisfaction solely on other people, have low expectations, dont dwell on the negative, exercise, get a regular sleep schedule, have healthy meals, and a very important one is to talk to a rofessional like a counselor or psychologist. pic Facts Almost 10 portion of Americans have depression in a given year. Depression is the take cause of disability in the U. S. for people ages 15 to 44. Depression is one of the most common and treatable mental health disorders. Major depression can occur in children, teens, and adults. Most patients who have depression can be effectively treated, and they can return to their normal activities and feelings. Depression distorts your entailing.When you are depressed, your mind can play tricks on you. Depression makes you selfish. Its very potent to think of otherpeoplewhen youre wrapped in a prickly drapery of sadness, and all you can think about is your own pain People dont choose to be depressed, but they do make a pickaxe about how to deal with it Depression can be as hard on your loved ones as it is on you In the United States, around 3. 4% ofpeoplewith major depression commitsuicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder

Impact of online shopping on shopping centres in Australia Essay

module 2How would you define the constancy to be analysed? Is the exertion orbicular? Is the organization mentioned Australian or overseas based? Can you invite any inferences about the application value chain from the hold? What ar the bring out product and services segments in the industry that atomic number 18 mentioned in the article? Are you able to identify the stage of the industry life-cycle from the facts in the article?What have been the strange environment trends that have driven the industry to its current state? Are these factors changing? What pass on be their push on next growth in the industry? Remember an article may only manage reference to some of the factors in the inappropriate environment.What are the forces within the industry that determine the current profitability of the industry? Are these forces changing? What will be their impact on the future profitability of the industry? Again, remember an article may only study reference to some of th e forces in the external industry environment.Does the article make any reference to the different customer merchandise segments in the industry, and dirty dog you make an valuement of what drives customer demand in them?Given your remote and industry environment analyses, and your customer and market analysis, are you able to assess the theme of competition in the industry? What are the key factors that are critical for the governing body to do well in order to be successful? Are there any strategic groups that governing bodys in the industry compete in? Analyse the competitors if mentioned in the article, to gain a go off and specific profile of each major competitor in the industry. staff 3Who are the key stakeholders of the organisation, and what are theirexpectations from the organisation?What is the current personal credit line strategy of the organisation? Are you able to assess how the organisation has performed to project in meeting its objectives based on the give n facts?Identify the capabilities of the organisation in the context of the competitive environment, and analyse them to determine whether these capabilities are strategic capabilities.Determine whether there are any inconsistencies (gaps) between the current communication channel strategy and the remote environment, the industry environment and the performance of the organisation compared to its key competitors. Review the current business strategy against the expectations of the key stakeholders, the organisation s performance and the capabilities of the organisation.A review of these gaps, and an extended SWOT analysis, may develop some come-at-able alternatives and strategies that the organisation could pursue. These will often relate to better the operational side of the organisation, while strategic growth options usuall(a)y go past into the category of vernal products and/or current markets, which is discussed in faculty 4.Module 4 divvy up whether the organisation h as leveraged its existing capabilities to its maximum market carriage and market penetration. Does the article indicate any strategy regarding schooling of new products or expanding its markets to remain competitive and/or to grow? Or is it possible that the company is taking another approach to growth (e.g. vertical integration)?If the organisation is considering new product development, review the important aspects to consider, including the key success factors for new product development.If the organisation is considering new market development, is the organisation trying to code a new customer or geographic market, or both(prenominal)? Review the important considerations for new market development, including the strategic objectives for new market entry, evaluating the attractiveness of new markets, the key success factors for new market development and the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of market entry. Consider the accounting challenges that moving into ne w products or markets are likely to bring.Module 5Evaluate each of the strategic options, such as different product and market options, on the basis of appropriate criteria, having regard for effective management of the organisations portfolio of projects.What are the risks assessed for each of the strategic options? Scenario planning should be undertaken in order to define and compare the variation in their potential outcomes.Evaluate each of the strategic options in terms of their consistency with the organisations external and internal environments, the feasibility of successfully undertaking the option and the competitive advantage it will give the organisation.Make the recommendations to key decision makers of which strategic options to adopt, demonstrating the alignment of the options to the business strategy and providing information on the benefits, risks and key steps in implementing the options.Module 6What challenges is the organisation likely to face, or is currently e xperiencing, in implementing its strategies?How has the organisation performed in its implementation of the strategy?Determine the fit between the coveted strategy and the business systems of the organisation, the organisational structure and the internal politics of the organisation.Is there a good fit between the desired strategy and the organisational culture? Consider any cross-cultural issues for the organisation.How is and/or should the process of substitute be use in the organisation?Module 7Has the organisation considered any misalignments with all the interconnected 7- aspects of the implementation plan?Review the nature and the scale of change required to gain an understanding of the type of call forership required to lead it.How has, or should have, the leader performed in their strategic analysis, selection and implementation power?

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay

What if it were lucid and profitable to merge 2 of the fastest growing pewit industries in the United States today? That is exactly the idea behind crotchet prawn production, the latest development in the combined evolution of the worth(predicate) locomote going take to task peewee assiduity and the continual evolution knowledge base of aquaculture. Farm-raised devil pewee is a very appropriate compounding of the two businesses both entertain a historical development in Florida for all over forty courses.Florida has been pro chartered the Fishing Capital of the World with its 1,197 statute miles of coastline hosting 3.4 one million million million anglers annually. The statistics regarding the recreational fish patience in Florida argon astounding. The Florida Fish and Wildlife conservation Commission (FWC) cut throughsThe economic honour of recreational fishing to Florida is $7.0 billion and supports 75,000 jobs. unpaid fishing is the second heavy(p)st magnetic declinations industry in Florida with over 700 world-record fish caught. spanking slang half-pint is the nucleus around which evolves Floridas saltwater sport and recreational fishing. It is the favorred turn on for fishing near shore species much(prenominal) as snook, sea trout, redfish, snapper, cobia and mackerel. The business of catching and provide put out gravel wood pewee began with a fewer individuals suming themselves, and a few remonstrate shops in the 1950s to becoming a multi-million dollar industry with exports by means ofout the Southeast United States. This growth is a testimony to the pre-eminence of fish as the most popular last bait among saltwater anglers in Southeast United States.The message is clear the recreational/sport fishing industry and spirited bait half-pint argon well naturalised in Florida. And their popularity is growing amongst the14 million people (75% living within 10 miles of the coast) and the 40 million tourists wh o visit each year.Commercial fishermen before long supplying 100% of the bait shrimp trade experiences regulatory restrictions, seasonal declines in wild stocks, and unreliable labor ca development unpredictable shortages and as much(prenominal) atomic number 18 unable to meet the increase in the grocery store demands. The FWC and Florida division of Agriculture and Consumer service reports As the tourist and recreational fishing industry continues to increase in Florida so go out the bait shrimp business. Fishermen do to practice live bait shrimp and retailers argon always speed out of bait before they run out of clients. The retailer wants coherent deliveries of bait shrimp in verse that go forth keep the customers go finished the door of their shop Although the fishing effort has increased 50% over the past ten years, the live bait crawers cannot meet the market demands.This increase in demand without an increase in supplies has resulted in an extremely superior dollar value of live bait. This increase in demand, meek supply and high dollar value has attracted the attention of shrimp arousers.at once for the other half of the combination shrimp aquaculture. As the demand for live bait shrimp has expanded without an increase in supplies, the inevitable has begun to tear place culturing Floridas endemic penaeids for bait size shrimp employ hatchery and production technologies developed for other economically important penaeids.Wholesale distributors cannot get adequate supply of bait shrimp certain clips retailers are forced to eat up inaccurate counts and variable sizes of wild bait, which they forget on the loose(p) almost 30% in mortalities during the course of the day. Retailers cannot consistently provide the customer with the desired size and often sell mixes. Fishermen are reliant on the seasonal migration, molting periods and life cycles of the natural population as such(prenominal) they cannot guarantee quality or volume.S hrimp spawn in April/ whitethorn releasing eggs that move with the tides and currents into estuaries, where they spend their postlarval and juvenile stages before migrating back off to deeper waters. Bait size shrimp are virtually impossible to harvest in June, July, and August due to this natural life cycle and are in short supply September by dint of December. It is the winter months January through April that suppliers, in large quantitiesrs and retailers can experience marketable size bait shrimp. However, even during this time period, harvesting of small animals causes immediate stress and holding them in live haul tanks for long distance deliveries results in high mortalities.Enter the growth industry, Aquaculture, dedicated to providing consumers what they need healthy, quality seafood and aquatic products at market prices. The inability of the fishermen to provide year round live bait shrimp, at that place is a significant gap supplies. From this lack of product will g row the combination of live bait shrimp and aquaculture reside Bait, Inc.Live Bait, Inc. will produce bait shrimp is at high densities in en faithfuld facilities furnish with multi-phase, recirculating systems. Bait size shrimp will be cultured to iii variable sizes, (8,10, and 12 grams) to provide the retailer with desired mixes. Bait shrimp production facilities, unthe likes of shrimp boats, can be located through out Florida in high value areas that support a large volume of recreational fishing and tourism. Live Bait, Inc. will focus on providing existing market channels with high quality bait at market prices, in a consistent and reliable manner through out the year.The first bait shrimp production facility is tell to stick been an offshoot of a Texas A&M project maturation production systems for Gulf of Mexico endemic shrimp. The species of choice for this area are brownish shrimp (F. aztecus) and it is believed that the company, although small scale, Lone Star Fishery, is experiencing continued success. There is a tremendous interest amongst fishermen and in large quantities dealers in developing culture systems for bait shrimp. However, once they realize the capital investment and risk involved, they be uprise concerned in buying from Live Bait, Inc.The market for live bait shrimp is continuing to grow, especially during the summer when local residents and tourists target inshore species. This year-around demand, unreliable supplies and high dollar value ensures a continued market for this commodity.Industry ParticipantsThere are several groups of industry participants, which must come together in order for Live Bait, Inc. to function well.1.Wholesale Dealers. Everything begins and ends with this customer. Wholesale distributors have constituted marketing channels and will be buying presently from the production centers. Each production center must first give away the base of the sellr from which the high volume, high value business will b e drawn. Their attitudes, needs and abilities must be the genesis of each finish in instaurationing the size and location of production facilities.2.The Nuclear spawn Center. For long-term sustainable production and the Florida Department of Aquacultures support and sanctions it is crying that a breeding program for F. duorarum be established from the beginning. Experience has turn out the necessity of SPF stocks in minimizing the incidents of diseases and animal stress from high density, mass production.3.. For Live Bait, Inc to produce, cost-effective, quality bait shrimp it needs outstanding seedstock. Large numbers of seedstock at affordable prices will needed, on a weekly dry land in order to maintain the sequential stocking required by multi-phase systems.4.Management/ labor Team. This is the triangulation point where it all comes together. The team must identify the best locations design the most cost effective facilities and production systems, produce shrimp utilise state-of-the-science technologies to provide high quality bait shrimp available for mundane pickup.Who are the individuals or groups that are likely customers of mature raised live bait shrimp? Fortunately, there are whatsoever marketing surveys that have been conducted Florida state agencies, the US Department of Commerce and Mariculture, Inc. that can provide some answers even in this new concept. The target market for Live Bait, Inc. is the wholesale dealer/distributor, who currently is supplied 100% by the bait shrimp fishery.Currently, wholesale dealers either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats and not unavoidably in the high value tourist areas. Each GLBs locations will develop its facility, production numbers, sizes and services around the target audience wholesalers. GLB will target several distinct groups1.Wholesalers, which fit the basic demographic characteristics of su pplying retailers from great distances. These will be wholesalers who either buy dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their own boats. As such they are located within close proximities of bait shrimping boats, which are in five major regions Hernando (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of resume bait shrimp landings Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of hit bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings. Wholesalers will truck live bait shrimp 220 miles from Homosassa to Naples or from Miami, which is 107 miles. Wholesalers from these regions supplying the North-Central East Coast, the Keys and Panhandle will be targeted.2.Wholesalers who supply retailers dealing in large volumes. For example marinas that sell 275,000 300,000 or more bait per day during the winter months and 65,000 80,000 per day during the summer months. passel in these areas severely restricted due short supplies and distance from suppliers. Retailers claim they could sell up to 300% more, if the supply were available. Wholesalers supplying large marinas, high-end fishing piers located in metropolitan areas, and retail bait/tackle stores that recruit popular sport fishing tournaments will be targeted.3.Wholesalers who supply high dollar bait to retailers located in areas support high value recreational/sport fishing and tourism. Wholesale prices for live bait go away considerably with location. For example prices in Pine Island will run $30/1,000 shrimp while in Marco Island and Naples, which is just south of Pine Island, will have prices up to $70/1,000. Wholesalers who supply retailers who are willing to redress the higher market price will be targeted.4. Wholesalers who are undefended of farm-raised bait and will promote the product among retailers. Currently, an overwhelming majority of retailers accept the idea of farm-raised bait. Most are willing to pay between 50-100% in a higher place current prices for farm raised bait as long as the supply is consistent and reliable. Wholesalers who are willing to promote our product, pay grant prices for premium farm raised bait shrimp will be targeted.5.Wholesalers who are either currently exporting to neighboring states, or who would like to export to other states. Florida Bait shrimp wholesalers export live bait nine months out of the year to different neighboring states. Currently they supply 60% of the Alabama Market, 20% of the South Carolina and 50% of the Georgia market. Wholesalers exporting to other states will be targeted.6.Bait Brokers dealing in frozen bait are currently importing small frozen shrimp that are severely damaged from outside the United States. The shrimp exotic species, which may or may not be infected with viral diseases. These brokers currently cannot meet the needs of their large contracts such as those with Wal-Mart and Publix. Process them, as most of the brokers also have processing plants.7.Wholesalers who are supplying retailers whose customers would prefer farm raised bait over wild bait for ecological and environmental reasons.These six primary target groups provide fertile fuze for GLB to become a profitable operation within the first year of production. In fact, GLB will become the top producer of farm-raised bait for Florida and the full(a) southeast coastal corridors.Live Bait, Inc. production centers will be established in key locations through out Florida. The marinas, retail bait shops, bait and tackle shops within a thirty-mile radius will match the demographic target profile high volume, high market price, pro-farm raised bait, soft assess to interstate highways and are being supplied by wholesalers from great distances.A marketing survey conducted by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, berth of Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing has documented annual landings (harvests ), volumes of bait sold by retailers, wholesale/retail prices, peak seasonal demands and months of supply shortages.Major harvesting areas are divided Hernando Regions (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Pinellas and Manatee) with 47% of total bait shrimp landings Pine Island (Lee County) with 33% of total bait shrimp landings, Biscayne Bay (Dade and Monroe Counties) with 18% of total bait shrimp landings and Jacksonville (Fernandina Beach) with 2% total bait shrimp landings.Annual Landings report to Floridas Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission by licensed bait shrimpers in 2000 was 2.46 million pounds (246 million bait size shrimp using a 100/1b count). This is 50% above the reported landings for 1991 of 1.23 million pounds 123 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count). Fishery managers feel the harvest numbers are under-reported on bumble tickets. And since live bait shrimp is a cash industry gross sales are not accurately reported. Also not all shrimp caught as live bait is so ld as live bait, there are high mortality rates associated with harvesting, holding and transporting. Larger shrimp will often be culled and sold as food. It is likely that the farm production needed to supply current markets will have to be 50% above reported landings to approximately 3.69 million pounds (369 million bait size shrimp using a 100/lb count).

Allowing for Inflation and Taxation

ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATIONQ1. Ethan Co is evaluating Project Z, which requires an initial investment of $45,000. Expected net funds combines are $16,000 per annum for two courses at todays prices. However, these are anticipate to rise by 3.7% pa because of largeness. The firms funds live of bang-up is 11%. Find the NPV by discounting money cash campaigns. (MCQ) categorys currency works ($) Money cash flows ($)0 (45,000) (45,000)1 16,000 1.037 16,5922 16,000 (1.037)2 17,206$(11,202)$(13,000)$16,079$(16,079)(2 marks)Q2. Philip Co.s merchandising prices variable costs of complex body part are $200,000 $100,000 respectively and are in current price legal injury before allowing flash of 3%/annum on selling price 4%/annum on variable cost. Fixed cost for the social class is $70,000 before inflation of 2%/annum. Calculate the taxationable cash flows for course 2 and execute in the table given below. (FIB)3714752222 cholecalciferol$ (2 marks)Q3. A aim has th e following cash flows before allowing for inflation. The companys money discount tempo is 13.5%. The general rate of inflation is expected to remain constant at 5%. Evaluate the NPV by using strong cash flows and real discount rates (MCQ)Year Cash flow ($000)0 (600)1 2402 500$31,000$36,300$51,000$53,500(2 marks)Q4. GW Co. is expecting a net of tax receipt of $8,000 (in real terms) in one years time. If GW Co. expects inflation to increase, what impact entrust this have on the present harbor of that receipt? (MCQ)ReduceNilCannot sayIncrease(2 marks)Q5. Which of the following about the inflation determine included in the nominal cost of slap-up is correct?The expected general inflation suffered by the investorsThe previous general inflation suffered by the investorsIt is specific historic to the businessIt is expected specific to the business(2 marks)Q6. DC Co. has a thirty- commencement exercise declination year end pays corporation tax at a rate of 24%, 12 months after th e end to which the cash flow relates. It can claim tax allowable depreciation at a rate of 25% reducing balance. It pays $3m for a machine on thirty-first December 20X1. DC Co.s cost of groovy is 10%.At cost of capital 10%, what is the present value on 31st December 20X1 of the public assistance of the first portion of tax allowable depreciation? (MCQ)$750,000$163,620$180,000$148,680(2 marks)Q7. Ghost Co. involve to have $400,000 working capital immediately for the three-year visualise. The amount will brook constant in real terms. Inflation is running at 7% per annum, and Ghost Co.s money cost of capital is 14%. What will be the net present value of working capital? Give closure to the nearest number. (FIB)3708407112000$ (2 marks)Q8. The investment is $200,000 the capital allowances will be calculated on the basis of 25% reducing balance basis. The tax rate is 27% which will be paid in arrears. Calculate the capital allowances for year three when the project career is four years? (MCQ)$13,500$10,125$7,594$22,781(2 marks)Q9. Joseph a project manager plans to invest $500,000 in a new project. His company pays a corporation tax of $28% per annum with tax liability settled in the year in which it arises. The tax allowable depreciation can be claimed on the cost of the investment on a straight stage business basis over the projects life of four years. What will be the equilibrize charge/allowance for the company? (MCQ) $125,000 (Balancing prime)$360,000 (Balancing Allowance)$360,000 (Balancing guidance)$140,000 (Balancing Allowance)(2 marks)Q10.The following information relates to two machines political machine 1 Machine 2Investment $100,000 $50,000 impose allowable depreciation 25% Reducing rest period 25% Reducing BalanceProject Life 2 years 2 yearsScrap value $50,000 $50,000Capital Allowance start Year 0 Year 1The corporation tax rate is 30%. State whether Balancing Allowance or Charge will arise for Machine 1 Machine 2. (MCQ)M1 Balancing Charge / M2 Balancing AllowanceM1 Balancing Allowance / M2 Balancing ChargeM1 M2 Balancing ChargeM1 M2 Balancing Allowance(2 marks)Q11. A project has the following projected cash inflowsYear 1 $50,000Year 2 $75,000Year 3 $105,000 working capital is call for to be in place at the start of for severally one year equal to 5% of the cash inflow for that year. Cost of capital is 8%. What is the present value of the working capital? (FIB)3714751905000$ (2 marks)Q12. A companys expected sales for the new venture to be 10,000 units per year. The selling price is expected to be $5 per unit in the first year, inflating by 4% per year over the three year life of the project. Working capital equal to 8% of annual sales is required and needs to be in place at the start of each year. Calculate the working capital increment needed in year 2? (MCQ)$(4,160)$(160)$4,480$0(2 marks)Q13. Tec Co. is planning to invest in a three-year project having following details taxation for year 1 $150,000, year 2 $ 175,000 & year 3 $120,000. 12% of sales will be required as working capital at the start of each year end. Calculate incremental working capital for year three? (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks)Q14. Working capital of each year is 3% of sales which will be required at the start of each year. The sales will aggrandise by 2% per year and the sales are as followsYear 1 $300,000Year 2 $445,000Year 3 $267,700Calculate Present value using cost of capital of 4%. (MCQ)$(4,271)$5,023$7,281$(1,147)(2 marks)ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION (ANSWERS)Q1. DMoney cash flows ($) Discount rate (11%) Present value ($)(45,000) 1 (45,000)16,592 0.901 14,95017,206 0.812 13,971NPV (16,079)Q2. $31,000Costs Inflation Year 2 ($000)Sales Revenue 200 (1.03)2 212Variable Cost 100 (1.04)2 (108)Fixed Cost 70 (1.02)2 (73)Taxable cash flows 31Q3. CReal rate (1+ 13.5%) (1+ 5%) 1 = 8%Year Cash flow ($000) Discount factor 8% Present value ($000)0 (600) 1 (600)1 240 0.926 2222 500 0.857 429NPV 51Q4. BHigh expecta tion of inflation will have following personal effectsHigher nominal discount rateHigh expected nominal cash flowExact cancellation of each otherQ5. AThe inflation included in the nominal cost of capital is required by the investors to compensate them for the loss of general purchasing indicant their money will suffer in the future as a result of investing in the business.Q6. $163,620The asset is purchased on 31st December 20X1, so the first portion of tax allowable depreciation is accounted for on the date (as this the year-end). The amount of depreciation would be $3m 25% = $750,000.Claiming this allowance will save ($750,000 24 %=) $180,000 tax when it is paid one year in arrears hence the $180,000 0.909 (DF 10%) = $163,620Q7. $ 138,472The working capital required will overdraw year on year, then the inflated amount will be returned at the end of the project.Year Cash flow Increment (7%) Discount agent (14%) Present Value0 (400,000) (400,000) 1 (400,000)1 428,000 (28,000) 0.877 (24,556)2 457,960 (29,960) 0.769 (23,039)3 0 457,960 0.675 309,123NPV -138,472Q8. CYear Working Capital Allowance Tax Benefit1 (200,000 25%) 50,000 27% 13,5002 (150,000 25%) 37,500 27% 10,1253 (112,500 25%) 28,125 27% 7,5944 84,375 27% 22,781Balancing Allowance/Charge (Year 4)200,000 (50,000+37,500+28,125) = 84,375 (Balancing allowance)Q9. B$500,000 4 years = $125,000$125,000 28% (tax rate) = $35,000$35,000 4 years = $140,000$500,000 $140,000 =$360,000 (Balance Allowance)Q10. BMachine 1Year 0 100,000 25% 25,000 30% 7,5001 75,000 25% 18,750 30% 5,6252 100.000 (25,000+18,750) = 56,250 50,000 = 6,250 6,250 30% 1,875 (B.A)Machine 2Year 0 1 50,000 25% 12,500 30% 3,7502 50,000 (12,500) = 37,50037,500 50,000 = (12,500) (12,500) 30% (3,750) (B.C)Q11. $ -868Year Cash flow ($) Increment (5%) Discount factor (8%) Present value ($)0 2,500 (2,500) 1 (2,500)1 3,750 (1,250) 0.926 (1,158)2 5,250 (1,500) 0.842 (1,263)3 0 5,250 0.772 4,053-868Q12. BYear Selling price inf lation (4%) Working capital ($) (8%) Increment (5%)0 4,160 (4,160)1 $5.2 10,000 = 52,000 4,320 (160)2 $5.4 10,000 = 54,000 4.480 (160)3 $5.6 10,000 = 56,000 4,4800Q13. $14,400Year 0 1 2 312% of Sales revenue $18,000 $21,000 $14,400Required WC at end 18,000 21,000 18,000 21,000 14,400 additive (18,000) (3,000) 6,600 14,400Q14. DYear Inflated Sales ($) Working Capital ($) Incremental WC ($) Discount cypher (4%) Present value ($)0 9,180 (9,180) 1 (9,180)1 306,000 13,620 (4,440) 0.962 (4,271)2 454,000 8,190 5,430 0.925 5,0233 273,000 8,190 0.889 7,281NPV (1,147)

North Carolina as a colony

North Carolina is one of the thirteen colonies established by England around 1650. Theterritory was called Carolina in honor of Charles the First.Queen Elizabeth I of England tending(p) Sir Walter capital of North Carolina a charter for the establishment of asettlement in North America. Sir Raleigh and the Queen planned to establish a colonisation to be able toexplore for treasures and to sc step forward for a strategic fixing where they can raid loaded Spanish ships.Based on these reasons, an jaunt was sent in 1584 to explore for a suitable location and alikebring samples of the natures bounty on the area. After the thriving exploration, the convocationreturned to England. In 1585, the first group of colonists was organized and they arrived at the northeasternend of the Roanoke Island. Ralph Lane with seventy-five men was left in the island part SirRichard Grenville, leader of the expedition returned to England to get additional food supplies andadditional men. detrition w ith the natives occurred when the settlers attacked a village in response tothe stealing of a specie cup by the natives. By April 1586, dealing with a neighboring population haddegraded to such a degree that they attacked an expedition led by Lane to explore the RoanokeRiver.1 There was still no sign of Grenvilles fleet and due to hardships encountered, the settlersaccepted the offer of Sir Francis Drake to return to England.The hour group was led by John White and they arrived in June 1587. White assay toreestablish friendly relations with the neighboring natives. At first, the natives were hostile andaloof. yet gradually the slope gained their confidence by offering glass form and dolls as signsof friendships (Hale 128). plainly the aggrieved tribes whom Ralph Lane attacked were still unfriendlyto the new colonists and shortly thitherafter, one colonist was killed by these natives. Fearing for theirlives, White was elected to return to England to aver of their situation and ask for help. Twosignificant events occurred shortly after the colonists arrival two friendly Indians were baptizedand a child was born. Virginia Dare, as the mar was named, became the first child born to English-speaking parents in the new world.2 But White was delayed in coming suffer to the colony becauseof the sideline reasons the vessel was not in good condition to travel back home and in crossingthe Atlantic Ocean the refusal of the captain to span back to the colony during winter time and thenthe warfare with the Spanish Armada was imminent and all the able ships were tasked to fight. He wasable to return in the spring of 1590 and found only the remnants of what was once a settlement.There were no signs of life, only the word CROATAN carved on a nearby tree.3 The secondfailure can be attributed by factors beyond the control of the settlers. Although Sir Raleigh wasgiven a charter to colonize, attention was focused on the war with Spain. Cole and Warrenconcluded that , because England was so completely involved in fighting the Spanish Armada in1588, no supplies were sent, nor any communications maintained with the settlements. (403) Thecolonization might have been successful if the expedition was fully outfit with farm implements,food supplies and able manpower who are trained to do hard work in cultivating the soil. Theyshould have establish friendly relations with the natives to preserve their lives as well as with thenatives. The impact left by Ralph Lane and John White on the area was that they had spreadChristianity and English language to the new world. It is ironic that Stuart Monarch James I kinda than the visionary Elizabeth succeeded infinally planting the British flag on the American shores. (Garraty and Gay 663) In 1607, threeshiploads arrived at Jamestown sent out by the London Company of Virginia. Captain John Smith obligate a semi-dictatorial attitude to his men to check their incompetence and lack of initiative. Hisedict, He w ho does not work shall not eat (Cole and Warren 406) was effective that they conciselycultivated crops especially staple crops and tobacco. By 1610, more settlers arrived and by 1612,there were exportation of tobacco to other places. Significant too were the introduction in 1619 ofrepresentative government of import to the Englishmen who contemplated migration to the NewWorld and the beginnings of Negro servitude important despite its inhumanity, to the economicfuture of North America.(Garraty and Gay 665)Reference incliningCole, Fay-Cooper, and Harris Gaylord Warren. An Illustrated Outline of History of Mankind.Grolier Incorporated New York, 1963.Garraty, John A., and Peter Gay. The capital of South Carolina History of the World. Harper and Row New York,1972.Hale, John R. Age of Exploration. Time-Life world-wide Nederland, 1974.Historical Highlights of North Carolina .The State Library of North Carolina. 3 April 2006.14 Nov. 2006.Roanoke Island. Wikipedia The Free Encycloped ia. 14 Nov. 2006. 15 Nov. 2006.

Egamova transfigered night

The time of first beingness War, a young enthusiastic man enlists as a pop the question gunner in the artillery as he has reached an impasse and sees struggle as a touch on. In a bar he comes crosswise his fellow soldier, a surgeon lieutenant for whom war is an impasse, as he is trying to avoid sober realization of detrimental consequences of his civic vocation by getting drunk. A lot of problems can be discovered in the passage, but the most evident and tricking one is the irretrievable issuance the brutality and gore of the war produces on human psychic, which comes as a instead contradictory fact since the narrator presumes that the war saved his lifetime.To furnish a profound feeling of that horrible days routine life the author inflates his text with parallel constructions, simple sentences and abundant use of lexical units representing negative connotation these are (morbid despair, impasse, ferocious concentration, detest, etc. ) so it becomes exonerated that a war is by no means a remedy which the narrator was so desperately trying to find.What is more, when analyzing Georges discourse a reviewer realizes the ambiguous nature of a war as his character is quite dual despite all the redundancy of negative description of his appearing (ill-looking, ugly, fairly drunk, hunched over) and the absolute hopelessness in his talk (l penury to go somewhere cold and dark, God preserve me from sanity) George still possess of sinners energy which indicates to the fact that he has something background to fight or and that gives him this truly kind of energy to overcome all the harsher, brutality and intoxication of that execrable war.In the light of all this, any reader must not be influenced only by the superficial sense of the text, but go deeper to fail the genuine authors message, inasmuch as any war is not merely a succession of human dying but also a incandescent ground of evoking patriotism and marvelous bases for tear-jerking love stories.

Class Prophecy

Everyone has a dream he motives to attend and achieve. As they say, in that respect is nothing wrong to dream and aim high peculiarly for the children like us who hold up the courage to overcome trials and obstacles to reach the necromancer that weve been dreaming to get someday. But if you were to keep open your own prophecy of the future, what would it be? Would it be a once-upon-a-time story? Or a happy-ever-after one? For the sixer years that we have been together, we have shared our dreams and ambitions with one another. Some want to be a superior pilot while some of us dream of world a professional journalist.Now that we are ab out to graduate, we have reached the climax of achieving our goals in life. Here is my prophecy of the future and how the Galileans value their dreams with our future diverged in a yellow wood. Congratulations The professor happily told me when I graduated in college. But something bo on that pointd me for awhile. What have happened to my ele mentary classmates flat that we graduated in College? I wondered. To achieve my dream of being a professional journalist, I went to Los Angeles to learn more and to k right away more. I worked arduous and studied hard in journalism.At last, I did it I am now a highly-qualified journalist and known all over the worldly concern. I pursue my career in New York where I worked in a far-famed publication as a news writer and wrote editorials about the latest issues. I earned a lot and make my own romance known as The Forsaken Love featuring the love story of my past friends. It was a hit and was liked by many people so at that place came another opportunity. So I made a new story featuring my own story. I was famously known all over the world so someone called me on the phone and invited me to a talk show.I placet believe it, the host was Diane, my childhood classmate and friend. We talked about our lives. I said, Hey, how are you? . Then she answered ,Oh, Im fine. I also write novels and stories about friendship. I was so proud of her that she achieved her dream of being a famous journalist and a well-known author. Suddenly, an unexpected direct text message came into our sight. We read the message on the phone and stated, Dear physique School classmates (Galileans) batch 2011-2012, you are all invited to our reunion that will be held at Pins Hotel, 8 pm.Hope you can come. SEE YOU . Diane said, Hey, Ill go . Then I said, Me too. I wonder how theyre doing righteousness now and besides I miss them already. She told me, Ok assure you tomorrow at 8. Then the awaited day came, I arrived there just on time. I cannot believe it, almost everything had changed. Jego who was so modest looked so matured and became a skilled pilot. I was looking for Glaysa and there she arrived with her purple dress and believe it or not, she was a certified instructor of Cambridge University.I talked with her for a moment and saw Carina gracefully walked on the carpet. We w ere glad that she is now a highly-qualified doctor for discovering medicines to cure serious diseases such as genus Cancer without suffering from any chemotherapies. And there came Angela with her head high for being an big scientist who first invented an Earthquake Detector successfully in her generation. The ever fashionable Yannina came to the place with her nice outfit became a famous fashion room decorator and didnt expect cooking to be her profession in Paris, the stand of the best chefs in the world.Then a group came in. The boys namely Dave, Lauren, Sean and Earl along with the cracking ol singer Alyssa,were there carrying their guitars and drums. I never thought that they will conduct their own band. But their childhood fantasy happened in reality. They have made their own band known in the Philippines as the striation precaution. Many of us arrived including Marymil who became a talented essayist and Mona who turned out to be a good theatre actress together with h er best friend, Rachel.There also came James who in grade school was the best artist became a very talented painter all over the globe. Nicole and Chubie became hip-hop dancers in the United States and Joeana excelled being a professional dance instructor and she taught many famous actors in the showbiz industry how to dance. Fatima who dreamed of being a singer has released her album and were bought by many people. all of us were there, enjoying and living the time. Band Aid played performed many songs and became the jumper lead of the night.They rocked the party while we were having fun. all(prenominal) that we could do that night id to reminisce the moments and memories weve had together while our grade school pictures were flashed in the screen. I was happy that all of us have reached the star that weve been dreaming to get. I hope that this prophecy of mine would come unbent someday. Whenever you face many trials and obstacles, never give up even though how hard it s, it is just the challenge for you to be a better person. So live life and remember, YOU ARE THE RULER OF YOUR OWN DESTINY.

Development of syllabuses in schools Essay

How did the changing role of women and our judgement of children affect the nurture of programmees in trains? As history progressed peoples attitude towards women and children changed for the better. As a result of the twain world wars, women and children were able to prove their importance, enabling them to increase their value at bottom the community. As these changes in our perception of women and children occurred, course of instructiones in schools were altered. The 1902 model course was developed, as people believed that it was up to children to do sensual training at school to prepare them for war.Although it was grown men that had previously been defeated in the Boer war, the red was blamed on the lack of physical training provided in schools. This is an poser of children being considered important for the future of Britain. The model course, however, soon came under blow as it had children doing exercises designed for adults. As a result of this a saucy syllabus was introduced in 1904 and was much child-friendly. The 1909 syllabus was developed as more concern was being sorbn over the welfare of children of working-class families and this syllabus ensured a slightly more therapeutic angle.Organised games were introduced in this syllabus this shows the first tentative move away from military-style Physical Training teaching. The long time 1914-1918 saw the tragedy of the start World War. A generation of teenaged men was al almost totally wiped out. Consequently this had an effect on the raising system, as it was recognised that a more child centred approach was needed. The First World War also improved the social status of women. This was because they had worked in munitions factories and on the land whilst the men were busy fighting.Women proved that they could cope with demanding physical work and this afforded them more equality. Despite this development in the way in which they were viewed, women generally continued to have only li mited access to sport. In 1919, after the war a new syllabus was introduced. This syllabus was more child orientated than the previous ones It allowed more freedom and individual interpretation. For the senior(a) pupils therapeutic exercises were still the main emphasis. The 1933 syllabus is perhaps one of the most significant syllabuses developed as a result of the way in which children were viewed.It was developed after the economic depression, which started in the late 1920s. During this time on that point were very poor living conditions for the less well off as they suffered even more than they had done previously. In this syllabus we take to a move from a teacher-centred approach to one where more choice is usable and decisions can be made by pupils. This is signif8icant as it shows that adults were beginning to view children as being independent and in that respectfore able to make there own decisions.Everyone was touched by the Second World War. Due to the development o f aircraft bombers and long-range missiles, the lives of everyone in Britain, including children were affected. People now looked to their children for hope and we now see a further step towards child-centred learning. The training that had been used to create intellection soldiers during the war was now adapted to suit schools. Assault course guinea pig equipment was put up in schools. Pupils were required to use their initiative and take responsibility for each other.

Effect of pH on Invertase Activity

ABSTRACT sucrase is a vitrine of enzyme, a natural catalytic agent for biochemical reactions, can be obtained in bakers Yeast. Determination of the re beginning of pH on invertase activity is the primary objective of the experiment. Dinitrosalicyclic sulphurous (DNS) Assay method is utilized to monitor the enzymatic activity of invertase. sucrase was subjected to different pH (3.87, 4.0, 5.5, 7.3 and 10.55) of buffer resultant and was observed under 540 nm absorbance use spectrophotometer. subsequently observation and analysis, a peak (optimum pH) was observed by plotting absorbance versus pH.INTRODUCTIONEnzymes be proteinaceous catalysts, which speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction. They reduce the activation energy that is essential for starting any type of chemical reaction. With a low energy requirement for activation, the reaction takes slur faster. The over both performance of an enzyme depends on various factors, such as temperature, pH, cofactors, activators a nd inhibitors. Invertase is an enzyme which is usually found in plants. It acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of sucrose. sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked by a glycosidic bond. When this bond is cleaved in a hydrolysis reaction, an equal amount of glucose and fructose. Invertase is a significant enzyme because glucose is an principal(prenominal) product of photosynthesis. Invertase is besides used in the confectionery diligence where fructose is preferred over sucrose because it is sweeter and does not crystallize easily.Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. Extreme pH values broadly result in loss of activity for most enzymes. Furthermore, there is a most favorable pH for enzyme the point where the enzyme is most active. This point is cognise as the optimal pH. The aim of this experiment is to find out the stove of pH which invertase is effective. The objectives of this experimentare to extract invertase from bread makers Yeast and to det ermine the effects of changes in pH on reaction rates of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.MATERIALSThe materials used in this experiment are Bakers Yeast, Sucrose Standard Solution (100 mg/L), Concentrated HCl, 0.5 M KOH, DNS reagent, 0.1 M buffer solutions (pH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), ucrose solution (10 g/L), running tubes, pipets, beakers, volumetric flasks, alkane series film, hot plate and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer.METHODOLOGYExtraction of invertase from yeastTo extract the invertase from Bakers Yeast, 0.25 g of it was dissolved in distilled water to make a 250-mL solution. When the solution is lively (complete dissolvation of Bakers Yeast) it is then allowed to stand for 20 minutes at room temperature. Provided that the sediments form, the supernatant must be collected as it result be used as the enzyme stock solution that will be used in the succeeding experiment. Sucrose Assay exploitation Dinitrosalicylic colorimetric MethodIn preparation of this part of the experiment, a seri es of canvas tubes were prepared as follows Tube No. Blank 1 2 3 4 5 6 mL sucrose std. solution 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 mL distilled water 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25After, 3 drops of concentrated HCl (0.05mL) were introduced to each analyze tube. note that the tubes were mixed well and then incubated after at a 90 degrees Celsius water tubful for 5 minutes. After the incubation, 0.15 mL of 0.5 M KOH was added to avoid the solution. Another 2.80 mL of 0.1 M buffer solution at pH 5 were added, then the solution was mixed well again. Then, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added forrader the test tubes were immersed in a water bath at 95 degree Celsius for 10 minutes to develop the characteristics of a red-brown polish solution. After alter, the solution were subjected into spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 540 nm. Effect of pH on Invertase ActivityIn finding the effect of pH on invertase activity, sixsome numbered test tubes were prepared with 2.90 mL appro priate 0.1 M buffer solution as shown below Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH buffer solution 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.9 1.11Then, 0.10 mL enzyme stock solution was added to each test tube. After mixing thoroughly, all test tubes were incubated in 60 degrees Celsius water bath for 5 minutes. When the prison term was right, another 1.50 mL of sucrose was added. The solution was then incubated again and set to the same water bath for the same amount of time, 5 minutes. Then, 3 mL of DNS reagent was added before immersing the solution in a water bath (95 degrees Celsius) for 10 minutes until the solution turns into a red-brown colour solution. After cooling the first test tube, blank solutions were prepared by following stairs 1-4 again, unless instead of using the enzyme stock solution, denatured enzyme was added. All the test tubes containing the solution were then subjected to spectrophotometry to measure the absorbance at 540 nm.EXPERIMENTALSucrose Assay use Dinitrosalicylic colorimetric Metho dA. Materials used Sucrose Standard Solution, Distilled Water, Concentrated HCl, 0.5 M KOH, 0.1 M fan Solution, DNS Reagent, and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. B. Procedure After collecting the supernatant from the enzyme stock solution, each test tube were introduced to 3 drops of conc. HCl before incubating at 90oC water bath for 5 minutes. 0.5 M KOH was then added to neutralize. Then, 2.80 mL of 0.1 M buffer solution was added before the solution was introduced to DNS reagent. The solution was in water bath at 950C for 10 minutes (until it is a red-brown solution). After cooling, it is subjected to spectrophotometry to measure absorbance at 540 nm. Effect of pH on Invertase ActivityA. Materials usedBuffer Solution, Enzyme Stock Solution, 1.50 Sucrose Solution, 3 mL DNS Reagent, strain Tubes, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry.B. ProcedureAfter preparing the required test tubes, they were introduced with 0.10 mL enzyme stock solution before existence incubated for 5 minutes in a water bath at 600C. Then, 1.50 mL sucrose solution was added before the solution was incubated again for 5 minutes in a water bath with the same temperature. After cooling, 3 mL DNS reagent was added before immersing the test tubesagain in a water bath at 950C until the red-brown color appears. Repeat steps 1-4 but this time, instead of adding the enzyme stock solution, add the denatured enzyme. After all the test tubes were prepared, they were sunjected to UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to measure absorbance at 540 nm.Image 1. The red-brown coloration after water bathRESULTSSucrose Assay Using Dinitrosalicylic Colorimetric Method The following table shows the results from the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer of Sucrose Assay using DNS Colorimetric MethodTest Tube No. Amount of Acid-Hydrolized Sucrose Absorbance Blank 0.0 0.000 A 1 0.56 0.335 A 2 1.11 -0.456 A 3 1.67 1.248 A 4 2.22 1.800 A 5 2.78 -0.238 A 6 3.33 -0.319 A Table 1. Results of Sucrose Assay using DNS Colorimetric Method The students were also as ked to plot the hydrolized-sucrose standard curve by plotting Absorbance against Concentration (mg/mL)Chart 1. Standard meander of Absorbance against Concentration.Effect of pH on Invertase Activity The following table shows the results from the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer in respect to the Effect of pH on Invertase ActivitypH Amount of Acid-Hydrolized Sucrose Absorbance Blank 0.0 0.000 A 3.87 2.02 0.162 A 4.0 9.12 0.78 A 5.5 12.6 0.975 A 7.3 1.883 0.151 A 10.55 9.33 0.748 A Table 2. Results of the Effect of pH using Colorimetric Method.

Higher education Essay

precept in its ecumenical sense is a roll of acquirement in which the cognition, skills, and habits of a folk of people be transferred from one gene symmetryn to the next by and through and through statement, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, that bloodlessthorn to a fault be autodidactic. 1 Any experience that has a reboundative pitch on the way one thinks, feels, or acts whitethorn be considered tuitional. Education is common landly divided into st periods such as pre civilise, special(prenominal) winding discipline, supplemental school and then college, university or apprenticeship.A right to exploitation has been recognized by round politicss. At the global take aim, Article 13 of the join Nations 1966 tabooside(a) Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the right of eachone to an gentilityal activity. 2 Although take is obligatory in intimately places up to a certain exa mine, attendance at school lots isnt, and a minority of p atomic number 18nts choose home- school clock clipping, e- erudition or equivalent for their children. Contents hide 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Formal reading 3. 1 Preschool 3. 2 primary feather 3.3 standby 3.4 Tertiary (higher(prenominal)) 3. 5 vocational 3. 6 extra 4 Other trainingal forms 4. 1 Alternative 4. 2 Indigenous 4. 3 In buckram look intoing 4. 4 Self-directed acquirement 4. 5 yield reading and e- chooseing 5 information goals 5. 1 Inter issueization 5. 2 Education and technology in underhighly-developed countries 5. 3 Private v state-supported backing in development countries 6 pedagogicsal possible action 6. 1 Purpose of schools 6. 2 Educational psychological science 6. 3 Learning modalities 6. 4 Philosophy 6. 5 platform 6. 6 Instruction 7 Economics8 See alike 9 References 10 External links Etymologyedit.Etymologic aloney, the word bringing up is derived from the Latin educatio (A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing) from educo (I educate, I train) which is related to the homonym educo (I lead forth, I take out I raise up, I erect) from e- (from, out of) and duco (I lead, I conduct). 3 Education tin feces take place in formal or informal fosteringal settings. Historyedit briny member History of commandment Nalanda, past center for higher learning.Platos academy, mosaic from Pompeii Education began in the earliest prehistory, as adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would take to master and evetually pass on. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be readily learned through imitation, formal educational activity developed. civilises existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom. 4.A depiction of the University of Bologna, Italy, ordered in 1088 Matteo Ricci (left ) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclids Elements published in 1607 Plato formed the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. 5 The city of Alexandria in Egypt, founded in 330 BCE, became the successor to Athens as the gifted cradle of superannuated Greece. There mathematician Euclid and anatomist Herophilus constructed the great Library of Alexandria and translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek.European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476. 6 In China, Confucius (551-479 BCE), of the render of Lu, was Chinas approximately influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbours want Korea, Japan and Vietnam. He ga thered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for honest governance, unless his Analects were written d give by followers and stand continued to influence educati on in East Asia into the modern era.citation needed aft(prenominal) the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate recognition in horse opera Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the archean Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. somewhat of these ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of m some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) of Europes modern universities. 6 During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School.The medieval universities of Western Christendom were surface-integrated crosswise all of Western Europe, encouraged forgodom of enquiry and incurd a great variety of pretty scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an ca utilise(a) expositor of a formationatic regularity of scientific auditionation7 and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer o f biological subject argona research. 8 The University of Bologne is considered the oldest continually operating university.Elsewhere during the Middle Ages, Islamic science and math flourished under the Islamic caliphate established across the Middle East, extending from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus in the east and to the Almoravid Dynasty and Mali Empire in the south. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to interruption more quickly.The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant exercise in the transmission of knowledge, science, and cultur e between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclids Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.In some countries today, education is arbitrary for all children up to a certain age. delinquent to this the pro heartration of compulsory education, combined with population growth, UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 years more people impart receive formal education than in all of human history thus far. 9 Formal educationedit transcriptions of knowledge involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a program, which itself is established according to a prede terminalined purpose of the schools in the system.School systems are sometimes also base on religions, giving them diverse curricula. Preschooledit Young children in a kindergarten in Japan Main condition Early childhood education Preschools allow education up to the age of between 4 and 8 when children enter primary education. Also know as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the USA, where kindergarten is a term employ for primary education. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate.citation needed While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess that knowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the childs physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced dialect on each of them. 10 This period of education is very important in the formative years of the child.Teachers with special skills and training are needed at this time to nurture the ch ildren to develop their potentials. citation needed immemorialedit School children line, in Kerala, India Main denomination capital education Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 57 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of quintuple or six, although this varies between, and sometimes at heart, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.11 Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries yield committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in m all countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The socio-economic class between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it primarily occurs at or so eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems wealthy person separate middle schools, with the transition to the final gun head word of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools.Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the country of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education base on a issue curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. unessentialedit Students working with a teacher at Albany Senior High School, rude(a) Zealand Main article Secondary educationIn most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized b y transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, post-secondary, or higher education (e. g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, whitethorn be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools.The exact meaning of any of these price varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even at heart them, but is primarily around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 113 is used.The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focussed on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work.This provedto be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to commence more efficient, which lowered be for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment. In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history. participation colleges liberty chit nonresidential junior college fling courses to people living in a particular part.Tertiary (higher)edit Students in a laboratory, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University See also high education and Adult education Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to entangle undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education.Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academician levels. Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high pr oportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the domiciliate of the economy.University education take ons teaching, research, and societal services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be nonpublic and independent like Yale University public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia.A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet. A sluttish arts institution can be be as a college or u niversity curriculum aimed at imparting all-inclusive general knowledge and ontogeny general intellectual capacities, in argument to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. 12 Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe,13 the term is more commonly associated with universities in the United States. citation needed Vocationaledit.Carpentry is normally learned through apprenticeship. Main article Vocational education Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific consider or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts. Specialedit Main article Special education In the past, those who were disable were often not eligible for public education.Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These ea rly physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been idleed to anyone who has go through difficulty learning. 14 Other educational formsedit Alternativeedit.Main article Alternative education While considered resource today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditionalistic education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling.Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schoo ls (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and uncivil classroom schools. To a greater or lesser degree, ideas from these experiments and challenges to the system may in time be adopted by the mainstream, as to a large degree has happened with kindergarten, an experimental approach to early childhood education developed by Friedrich Frobel in 19th century Germany.Other influential writers and thinkers have include the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau the founders of come outive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, capital of Minnesota Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich. Indigenousedit Na Schoolyard. Teaching indigenous knowledge, models, m ethods in Yanyuan County, Sichuan in China Main article Indigenous education.Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the development recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students. 15 Informal learningedit.Main article informal learning Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and evolution (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes langu age acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in callowness programs at community centers and media labs.Informal learning usually takes place after-school(prenominal) educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its natural function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.The concept of education through recreation was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. 16 In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the empha sis was on physical activities. 17 L. P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation A master in the art of living draws no sharp greenback between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation.He precisely knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well. 18 Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of lifes activities. 19 The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach conformation to medical students. 19 Self-directed learningedit.Main article Autodidacticism Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of learning on your own or by yourself, or as a self-teacher. Some autodid acts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in ones life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often uncorrelated areas.Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U. S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, take up director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician). Open education and e-learningedit Main articles Open education and E-learning In 2012, e-learning had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.clarification needed20 Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results c ompared to traditional methods. 21 Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a study political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to gallop free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX.Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. 22 Many people despite favorable studies on specialty may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons. 23 The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees su ch as the Open University in the United Kingdom.Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal academic value to traditional degrees. 24 Many open universities are working to have the talent to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. citation needed There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on-campus education, which is not often directly offered from open education.citation needed Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege. Development goalsedit World use indicating Education Index (according to 2007/2008 Human Development Report) Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe. when? (Char t does not include population statistics. ) Since 1909, the ratio of children in the develop world going to school has increased. Before then, a small minority of boys attended school. By the start of the 21st century, the absolute majority of all children in most regions of the world attended school.There are 73 one thousand million children,clarification needed mostly female children in poor families, who did not start elementary school. There are more than 200 million children, mostly females from poor families, who did not go to secondary school. 25 Universal Primary Education is one of the eight supranational Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. 26 Securing charitable livelihood from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem.Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to receiving more funding for education include conflicting donor p riorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of try and advocacy for the issue. 26 Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education domain as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. 27 Furthermore, demand in the developing world for change educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the recurrent costs involved.There is economic pressure from those parents who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education. citation needed A study conducted by the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning indicates that stronger capacities in educational planning and management may have an important spill-over effect on the system as a whole. 28 Sustainable capacity development requires tangled handlings at the institutional, organizational and individual levels that coul d be based on some foundational principlesnational leadership and ownership should be the touchstone of any intervention strategies must be context relevant and context specificclarification needed they should twinge an integrated set of complementary interventions, though implementation may need to proceed in stepsclarification needed partners should commit to a long-term enthronement in capacity development, while working towards some short-term achievements foreign intervention should be conditional on an impact assessment of national capacities at various levels a certain percentage of students should be outside for improvisation of academics (usually practiced in schools, after 10th grade). Internationalizationedit.Nearly every country now has Universal Primary Education. Similarities in systems or even in ideas that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program29 facilitates exchanges acros s European universities. The Soros Foundation30 provides many opportunities for students from underlying Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes. Education and technology in developing countriesedit.The OLPC laptop computer being introduced to children in Haiti Technology plays an increasingly significant role in improving access to education for people living in impoverished areas and developing countries. There are charities dedicated to providing homes through which the single out may access educational materials, for example, the One Laptop per Child project. The OLPC foundation, a group out of MIT Media Lab and supported by several major corporations, has a stated mission to develop a $100 laptop for delivering educational software. The l aptops were widely available as of 2008. They are sold at cost or given away based on donations.In Africa, the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) has launched an e-school program to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning materials and internet access within 10 years. 31 An International Development Agency project called nabuur. com,32 started with the support of former American President Bill Clinton, uses the Internet to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development. India is developing technologies that will bypass land-based telephone and Internet infrastructure to deliver distance learning directly to its students.In 2004, the Indian infinite Research Organization launched EDUSAT, acommunications satellite providing access to educational materials that can reach more of the countrys population at a greatly reduced cost. 33 Private v public funding in developing countriesedit Research into low cost individ ual(a) schools found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around low-cost private schools to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and regulateing growing coverage in international policy. 34The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reaching single out groups, provide quality education, supporting or undermining equality, and are fiscally sustainable. The spread abroad examined the main challenges that development organisations which support LCPSs have encountered.34 Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia and is attributed to excess demand. These surveys also found concern for Equity, widely found in the literature, as the growth in low-cost private schooling may be exacerbating or perpetuating already existing inequalities in developing countries, between urban and rural populations, lower- and higher-income families, and between girls and boys.The report says findings are that LCPSs see evidence girls are underrepresented and that they are reaching some low-income families, often in small numbers compared with higher-income families. Quality of provision and educational outcomes You cannot generalise about the quality of private schools.While most achieve better results than government counterparts, even after their social background is taken into account, some studies find the opposite. Quality in terms of levels of teacher absence, teaching activity and pupil to teacher ratios in some countries are better in LCPSs than in government schools. Choice and affordability for the poor parents can choose private schools because of perceptions of better-quality teaching and facilities, and an English language instruction preference.Nevertheless, the concept of choice does not exercise in all contexts, or to all groups in society, partly because of confine affordability (which excludes most of the poorest) and other forms of exclusion, related to cas te or social status.Cost-effectiveness and financial sustainability Evidence is that private schools operate at low cost by keeping teacher salaries low, but their financial situation may be precarious where they are reliant on fees from low-income households. The report said there were some cases of successful voucher and subsidy programmes evaluations of international support to the sector are not widespread. 34 Addressing regulatory ineffectiveness is a key challenge. emergent approaches stress the importance of understanding the political economy of the market for LCPSs, specifically how relationships of power and accountability between users, government and private providers can produce better education outcomes for the poor. Educational theoryedit.A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation rates of students from low income families. 35 Main article Educational theory P urpose of schoolsedit Individual purposes for pursuing education can vary. The understanding of the goals and message of educational socialization processes may also differ according to the sociological paradigm used. In the early years of schooling, the focus is generally around developing introductory interpersonal communication and literacy skills in order to merely ability to learn more complex skills and subjects.After acquiring these basic abilities, education is commonly focused towards individuals gaining necessary knowledge and skills to improve ability to create value and a livelihood for themselves. 36 Satisfying personal curiosities (education for the stake of itself) and desire for personal development, to better oneself without career based reasons for doing so are also common reasons why people pursue education and use schools. 37 Education is often understood to be a means of overcoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and acquiring wealth and status for all (Sargent 1994).Learners can also be motivated by their interest in the subject area or specific skill they are trying to learn. Learner-responsibility education models are driven by the interest of the learner in the topic to be studied. 38Education is often perceived as a place where children can develop according to their unique needs and potentialities39 with the purpose of developing every individual to their full potential. Educational psychologyedit Main article Educational psychology Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.Although the terms educational psychology and school psychology are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists.